Mao Zemin (who took Runlian 润莲 as his courtesy name) was a brother of communist leaders Mao Zedong and Mao Zetan. [78], In March 1927, Mao appeared at the Third Plenum of the KMT Central Executive Committee in Wuhan, which sought to strip General Chiang of his power by appointing Wang Jingwei leader. Growing up in rural Hunan, Mao described his father as a stern disciplinarian, who would beat him and his three siblings, the boys Zemin and Zetan, as well as an adopted girl, Zejian. [26] Studying independently, he spent much time in Changsha's library, reading core works of classical liberalism such as Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations and Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws, as well as the works of western scientists and philosophers such as Darwin, Mill, Rousseau, and Spencer. [118] Mao proceeded with his land reform program. [151][152] In August 1938, the Red Army formed the New Fourth Army and the Eighth Route Army, which were nominally under the command of Chiang's National Revolutionary Army. [130][131] Finally reaching Shaanxi, they fought off both the KMT and an Islamic cavalry militia before crossing the Min Mountains and Mount Liupan and reaching the Shenshi Soviet; only 7,000–8000 had survived. [231] In the last years of his life, Mao was faced with declining health due to either Parkinson's disease[232] or, according to his physician, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,[233] as well as lung ailments due to smoking and heart trouble. On the eve of the attack, Mao composed a poem—the earliest of his to survive—titled "Changsha". It was additionally responsible for vast numbers of deaths with estimates ranging from 40 to 80 million victims through starvation, persecution, prison labour and mass executions. These campaigns took several hundred thousand additional lives, the vast majority via suicide. Given what he had already learned about the costs to the peasants of GLF extremism, the Chairman should have known that the revival of GLF radicalism would exact a similar or even bigger price. This convinced him of the revolutionary potential of the peasantry, an idea advocated by the KMT leftists but not the Communists. Mao is the attributed author of Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung, known in the West as the "Little Red Book" and in Cultural Revolution China as the "Red Treasure Book" (紅寶書): first published in January 1964, this is a collection of short extracts from his many speeches and articles (most found in the Selected Works), edited by Lin Biao and ordered topically. He died 40 years ago on 9 September 1976. [275] During a speech to party cadre in 1958, Mao said he had far outdone Qin Shi Huang in his policy against intellectuals: "What did he amount to? The worst of the famine was steered towards enemies of the state. [110] Lee Feigon considered Mao "draconian and authoritarian" when threatened, but opined that he was not the "kind of villain that his mentor Stalin was". Mao enthusiastically agreed with this decision, arguing for an alliance across China's socio-economic classes. And he exposes the extent of the violence used against the peasants":[283]. The USSR had a network of Communist parties it supported; China now created its own rival network to battle it out for local control of the left in numerous countries. Mao Zedong: The Communist revolutionary and founding father of the People's Republic of China. [45], Paid a low wage, Mao lived in a cramped room with seven other Hunanese students, but believed that Beijing's beauty offered "vivid and living compensation". Mao died just after midnight 00:10 September 9, 1976, age 82. [235] It is often looked at in all scholarly circles as a greatly disruptive period for China. Both the internal crisis and the external threat called for extraordinary statesmanship from Mao, but as China entered the new decade the statesmen of China were in hostile confrontation with each other. The revolution over, Mao resigned from the army in 1912, after six months as a soldier. [191] Upon learning of the extent of the starvation, Mao vowed to stop eating meat, an action followed by his staff.[192]. ", Robert C. North, "The Sino-Soviet Agreements of 1950. At least 180 thousand Chinese troops died during the war. [239] In Mao: The Unknown Story, Jung Chang and Jon Halliday claim that as many as 3 million people died in the violence of the Cultural Revolution.[240]. They reached Hunan, where they were attacked by the KMT and fled after heavy losses. [citation needed] The declared success of the First-Five Year Plan was to encourage Mao to instigate the Second Five-Year Plan in 1958. [31] Befriending Mao, professor Yang Changji urged him to read a radical newspaper, New Youth (Xin qingnian), the creation of his friend Chen Duxiu, a dean at Peking University. As the Chinese government instituted free market economic reforms starting in the late 1970s and as later Chinese leaders took power, less recognition was given to the status of Mao. [152][154] From his base in Yan'an, Mao authored several texts for his troops, including Philosophy of Revolution, which offered an introduction to the Marxist theory of knowledge; Protracted Warfare, which dealt with guerilla and mobile military tactics; and New Democracy, which laid forward ideas for China's future.[155]. [253] Supporters generally credit and praise him for driving imperialism out of China,[254] having unified China and for ending the previous decades of civil war. Officials in Moscow desired greater control over the CPC and removed Li from power by calling him to Russia for an inquest into his errors. Mao Zedong, who led the Chinese people through a long revolution and then ruled the nation’s communist government from its establishment in 1949, dies. [126] Faced with the more difficult task of crossing the Tatu River, they managed it by fighting a battle over the Luding Bridge in May, taking Luding. [317] Alexander Pantsov and Steven I. Levine wrote that Mao was a "man of complex moods", who "tried his best to bring about prosperity and gain international respect" for China, being "neither a saint nor a demon. . [38] Mao undertook feats of physical endurance with Xiao Zisheng and Cai Hesen, and with other young revolutionaries they formed the Renovation of the People Study Society in April 1918 to debate Chen Duxiu's ideas. When Mao stepped down as head of state on April 27, 1959, further diplomatic state visits and travels abroad were undertaken by president Liu Shaoqi rather than Mao personally. Year Death Rate(per thousand) 1955 12.3 1956 11.4 1957 10.8 1958 12.0 1959 14.6 1960 25.4 1961 14.2 1962 10.0 1963 10.0 1964 11.5 Us Demographers and the Chinese Statistics Chinese data on famine deaths was used by a group of U.S. demographers in their own work on the subject. . This came as a result of the lack of food production and distribution to the population of China. Some notable actors include: Han Shi, the first actor ever to have portrayed Mao, in a 1978 drama Dielianhua and later again in a 1980 film Cross the Dadu River;[329] Gu Yue, who had portrayed Mao 84 times on screen throughout his 27-year career and had won the Best Actor title at the Hundred Flowers Awards in 1990 and 1993;[330][331] Liu Ye, who played a young Mao in The Founding of a Party (2011);[332] Tang Guoqiang, who has frequently portrayed Mao in more recent times, in the films The Long March (1996) and The Founding of a Republic (2009), and the television series Huang Yanpei (2010), among others. [176] Mao played a personal role in organizing the mass repressions and established a system of execution quotas,[177] which were often exceeded. Not until spring 1960 did Mao again express concern about abnormal deaths and other abuses, but he failed to apply the pressure needed to stop them. [63] He joined the YMCA Mass Education Movement to fight illiteracy, though he edited the textbooks to include radical sentiments. [157][158], Mao proclaimed the establishment of The People's Republic of China from the Gate of Heavenly Peace (Tian'anmen) on October 1, 1949, and later that week declared "The Chinese people have stood up" (中国人民从此站起来了). Launching from the Japanese sub I-25, Nobuo Fujita piloted his light aircraft over the state of Oregon and firebombed Mount ...read more, Funeral services, attended by 250,000 mourners, are held for Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi’s Ba Dinh Square. He also notes that "In a chilling precursor of Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, villagers in Qingshui and Gansu called these projects the 'killing fields'."[285]. [159] Mao went to Moscow for long talks in the winter of 1949-50. In the article "Mao Zedong and the Famine of 1959–1960: A Study in Wilfulness", published in 2006 in The China Quarterly, Professor Thomas P. Bernstein also discussed Mao's change of attitudes during different phases of the Great Leap Forward: In late autumn 1958, Mao Zedong strongly condemned widespread practices of the Great Leap Forward (GLF) such as subjecting peasants to exhausting labour without adequate food and rest, which had resulted in epidemics, starvation and deaths. [citation needed] Mao's major contribution to the military science is his theory of People's War, with not only guerrilla warfare but more importantly, Mobile Warfare methodologies. "[280], In their 832-page biography, Mao: The Unknown Story, Jung Chang and Jon Halliday take a very critical view of Mao's life and influence. In other contexts, Mao did not in fact accept mass death. Thomas Bernstein of Columbia University argues that this quotation is taken out of context, claiming: The Chinese original, however, is not quite as shocking. [22], Inspired by Sun's republicanism, the army rose up across southern China, sparking the Xinhai Revolution. 魚翔淺底， The official Chinese translation of President Barack Obama's inauguration speech used a famous line from one of Mao's poems. The People Profiles Recommended for you In the mountainous area they were unable to grow enough crops to feed everyone, leading to food shortages throughout the winter. [189] The famine was a direct cause of the death of some 30 million Chinese peasants between 1959 and 1962. [325] His work gave rise to a new form of Chinese calligraphy called "Mao-style" or Maoti, which has gained increasing popularity since his death. [140][141] In May 1937, a Communist Conference was held in Yan'an to discuss the situation. The combined effect of the diversion of labour to steel production and infrastructure projects, and cyclical natural disasters led to an approximately 15% drop in grain production in 1959 followed by a further 10% decline in 1960 and no recovery in 1961. On the verge of defeat by Chinese Nationalist forces, the CCP came under scathing attack by Mao for its lack of revolutionary zeal and poor military strategy. [89] Chang and Halliday also claim that Mao talked the other leaders (including Russian diplomats at the Soviet consulate in Changsha who, Chang and Halliday claim, had been controlling much of the CPC activity) into striking only at Changsha, then abandoning it. Mao's response was to ignore them. By the late 1960s, Mao came to see the Soviet Union as a more dangerous threat to China than the United States. [112][113][114] The CPC Central Committee moved to Jiangxi which it saw as a secure area. For example, in his biography of Mao, Philip Short notes that in the Yan'an Rectification Movement, Mao gave explicit instructions that "no cadre is to be killed", but in practice allowed security chief Kang Sheng to drive opponents to suicide and that "this pattern was repeated throughout his leadership of the People's Republic".[183]. Although the CPC temporarily allied with the KMT under the United Front during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), China's civil war resumed after Japan's surrender and in 1949 Mao's forces defeated the Nationalist government, which withdrew to Taiwan. Brooding over this immensity, China's population suffered from the Great Famine during the late 20th century. [221][222][223], When Mao was informed of such losses, particularly that people had been driven to suicide, he is alleged to have commented: "People who try to commit suicide—don't attempt to save them! In the mid-1990s, Mao Zedong's picture began to appear on all new renminbi currency from the People's Republic of China. 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[260][261] Mao's revolutionary tactics continue to be used by insurgents, and his political ideology continues to be embraced by many Communist organizations around the world. However, Mao also has many Chinese critics. The leadership decided to evacuate. [250] Mao's body was later permanently interred in the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong in Beijing. Mao died just after midnight 00:10 September 9, 1976, age 82. Lin Biao died on September 13, 1971 in a plane crash over the air space of Mongolia, presumably as he fled China, probably anticipating his arrest. [186] It was only then that he used it as a method of identifying and subsequently persecuting those critical of his government. After a few months, however, Mao's government reversed its policy and persecuted those who had criticised the party, totaling perhaps 500,000,[184] as well as those who were merely alleged to have been critical, in what is called the Anti-Rightist Movement. China is such a populous nation, it is not as if we cannot do without a few people. [50], In Changsha, Mao had begun teaching history at the Xiuye Primary School[51] and organizing protests against the pro-Duan Governor of Hunan Province, Zhang Jingyao, popularly known as "Zhang the Venomous" due to his corrupt and violent rule. Deng Xiaoping, who was opposed to the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, has to a certain extent rejected Mao's legacy, famously saying that Mao was "70% right and 30% wrong". The Sino-Soviet split resulted in Nikita Khrushchev's withdrawal of all Soviet technical experts and aid from the country.
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