2023 , Last Updated on May 6, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. It is tempting to recognize this, as the first appearance in the work of the, headed on earth, of course, by the emperor. Ammianus includes a brief digression on the personal tutelary spirit, the, Ammianus is selective in choosing these sentiments from the uproar of massed soldiers. It is indicative of the particular situation of this speech that the time is verging on midday rather than dawn, which is the case in other scenes with time phrases in their introductions. Hamilton), Penguin, 1995. Gnashing their teeth and showing their burning desire for battle by beating their shields with their spears, they begged to be led out against an enemy that was already visible. cit. 
14 Ammianus imputes a similar rationale to Constantius and his court in sending Ursicinus to deal with the revolt of Silvanus (XV, 5, 19) and repeats the accusation of mistreatment of Julian at XXII, 3, 7. Yet the Roman Empire in the east survived and fought back after this disaster. Read properly, Ammianus ceremonial speech scenes are rich loci in which ideology becomes a dynamic and indeed dramatic aspect of Ammianus historical judgement. It is true that, in keeping with the diminished role of deliberative oratory in the late empire, Ammianus speeches are fewer in number than those of his predecessors, as well as strictly limited to imperial speakers and rigidly stereotypical in their ceremonial settings. The Later Roman EmpirePrefaceIntroductionFurther ReadingFamily Tree of Constantine the GreatIntroductory Note, The Later Roman EmpireBook 14Book 15Book 16Book 17Book 18Book 19Book 20Book 21Book 22Book 23Book 24Book 25Book 26Book 27Book 28Book 29Book 30Book 31, Notes on the TextNote on Officials and their TitlesNotes on PersonsDates of EmperorsGeographical keyMapsGeneral MapMonuments of RomeMap A: Gaul, Germany, and the RhineMap B: The Danube, Italy and ThraceMap C: The East and PersiaMap D: Asia Minor, Sign up for news about books, authors, and more from Penguin Random House, Visit other sites in the Penguin Random House Network. 64 B.C.-ca. onward, survive. , p.97, for a slightly different division. The rather sinister figure of Julians patron and senior imperial partner Constantius looms over Ammianus portrait of the Caesars early career. New Catholic Encyclopedia. The interruption of the expected formal sequence, as Julian halts his advance and addresses the army, clearly corresponds to the substance of the speech itself, which recommends a postponement of the intended engagement. e. a. thompson, The Historical Work of Ammianus Marcellinus (Cambridge, Eng. 19Ratio drives Julians appeal as a Caesar not faint of heart (non iacentis animi Caesarem, XVI, 12, 9) to ask his soldiers to rely on their own mature and robust courage by choosing the path of caution (cautiorem uiam potius eligamus) rather than rushing headlong into an engagement with the enemy (non praeproperam et ancipitem). The Later Roman Empire chronicles a period of twenty-five years during Marcellinus' own lifetime, covering the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valens, and providing eyewitness accounts of significant military Indeed, Constantius had only recently suppressed two serious usurpers who had had the backing of the Gallic army, . For discussions of Ammianus Strasbourg narrative see N. Bitter, Kampfschilderungen bei Ammianus Marcellinus, Bonn, Habelts Dissertationsdrucke, 1976, p. 56-101; R.Blockley, Ammianus Marcellinus on the Battle of Strasbourg: Art and Analysis in the History, Phoenix 31 (1977), p. 218-231; K.Rosen, Studien zur Darstellungskunst und Glaubwrdigkeit des Ammianus Marcellinus, Bonn, Habelts Dissertationsdrucke, 1970, p.95-131; G.Sabbah, La Mthode dAmmien Marcellin. 
15The introduction begins with a notice of the time of day: iamque solis radiis rutilantibus (XVI, 12, 7). Copyright LibraryThing and/or members of LibraryThing, authors, publishers, libraries, cover designers, Amazon, Bol, Bruna, etc. Omissions? WebAMMIANUS, MARCELLINUS. 325ca. WebThe Later Roman Empire chronicles a period of twenty-five years during Marcellinus' own lifetime, covering the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valens, and providing eyewitness accounts of significant military events including the Battle of Strasbourg and the Goth's Revolt. interrupting, the assembly gently prevented him [from speaking further], declaring their intuition, as if they could foretell the future, that it was the choice of the highest divinity, not of a human mind. Even the Caesars extreme subjective dejection (expressed here in the erstwhile scholars quotation of an apt line from Homer) represents a piece of ceremonial protocol, the, thus ironically confirming his fitness for power, rather than diminishing it, Ammianus imputes a similar rationale to Constantius and his court in sending Ursicinus to deal with, By the time the narrative reaches XVI, 12, Julians situation and disposition have changed considerably. 16Where Ammianus would usually move immediately to an indication of the speakers attitude before he begins his address, the formulaic pattern, such as it is here, is broken to include additional circumstantial information on the distance between the Roman line and the barbarian camp (XVI, 12, 8). For a response see J.Matthews, Peter Valvomeres, Re-arrested, in M.Whitby (ed. 32 Ammianus includes a brief digression on the personal tutelary spirit, the daimon or genius, at XXI, 14, 3. Priscus first tells of their long journey from Constantinople to Scythia, the territory then occupied by the Huns north of the lower Danube. It will appear once more in close proximity to Julians speech-scenes (XX, 5, 10), and once (in slightly altered form) in association with Constantius (XXV, 2, 3). Taking a group abroad? cit. There are twelve imperial set speeches in the extant narrative: XIV, 10, 11: Constantius on the b. A pagan, Ammianus is respectful of martyrs and generally fair to Christianity insofar as it is a "plain and simple religion." ), Homo uiator. Later he retired to Rome, where he wrote his history. 2023 . Download the entire Ammianus Marcellinus study guide as a printable PDF! . Berkeley, University of California Press, 1966, p.149-151; general as well as specific comments and interpretations are to be found in J. We should note that the verb. New Catholic Encyclopedia. K. Rosen, op. If there are three dates, the first date is the date of the original Web2 For a concise history of Ammianus stylistic reception, see R. B lockley, Ammianus Marcellinus and ; 3 The now classic account is that of E. A uerbach, Mimesis. Beyond this basic function, however, they serve a twofold process of characterization. WebCheung 4 INTRODUCTION The Res Gestae of Ammianus Marcellinus provides us with substantial detail on the late Roman Empire as it is a key source of information regarding the 4 th and 5 th centuries resulting from the presence of Ammianus, himself, during those events. Ammianus narrative on the siege of Amida (XIX, 1-9) takes up more space, but covers a period of 74 days. Ammianus is scrupulous in reporting the facts of Julians decision in this speech-scene, but he arranges them in such a way that the starkness of the contrast between Julians opinion and that of his advisors is diminished. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. For a response see J. , Bristol, Bristol Classical Press, 1987. . Given this background, it seems that Constantius appointment of Julian shows a calculated degree of confidence and faith in an untried personality, rather than an underhanded cunning. This is a great book that begins about 20 years after the death of Constantine the Great in 337 AD and describes the tribulations of his children. 20 On the interpretation of this passage see R.Blockley, op. 6In its own position, Julians Strasbourg speech draws on the standards of ceremonial legitimacy that accompanied Ammianus portrayal of his Caesarian accession in 355 (XV, 8), where he has no speaking role, but is presented before the army for investiture by Constantius at that point his benefactor and patron. p. c. de labriolle, La Raction paenne (6th ed. Thomas J. Sienkewicz. 2) Edward Watts, City and School in Late Antique Athens and Alexandria, California, 2006. Cuius oculos cum uenustate terribiles uultumque excitatius gratum diu multumque contuentes, qui futurus sit, colligebant uelut scrutatis ueteribus libris, quorum lectio per corporum signa pandit animarum interna. The Visigoths (Western Goths) were allowed into the Roman Empire as immigrants, to settle in frontier territories in Bulgaria and Thrace. In any case, it is the only such application of the adjective in Ammianus speech introductions and contrasts tellingly with the description of other imperial orators, whose appearance of calm and confidence is often at odds with Ammianus account of their inner state24. 395 CE, a Greek of Antioch, joined the army when still young and served under the governor Ursicinus and the emperor of the East Constantius II, and later under the emperor Julian, whom he admired and accompanied against the Alamanni and the Persians.He subsequently settled in Rome, where he wrote in Latin a 
During the Reigns of the Emperors Constantius, Julian, Jovianus, Valentinian, and Valens. All cited passages are from W. Ammiani Marcellini rerum gestarum libri qui supersunt, , Leipzig, Teubner, 1978. After these words had been spoken no one was silent, but all the soldiers began to strike their shields on their knees with a horrible clash. Bear our banner as a brave and fortune-blessed leader! 17Ammianus presents Julians manner of speaking with a significantly distinctive qualification. The rhetorical Prowess of Ammianus Constantius, in D.Ct & P.Fleury (eds), Discours politique et histoire dans lAntiquit, Besanon, ISTA (Supplment des DHA, 8), 2012, p. 211-248. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality (Cornell Studi at the best online prices at eBay! The view that Ammianus intends Julians speech to stand in the tradition of the reverse psycholog, dicere super his plura contantem interpellans contio lenius prohibebat, Since Julian is a hero to Ammianus and because the Strasbourg narrative aims in several ways to amplify his stature as such, it is quite surprising that this oration is a persuasive failure, probably the most unambiguous failure of all the speeches in the extant text, . 
They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Ammianus Marcellinus, (born c. 330, Antioch, Syria [now Antakya, Tur.]died 395, Rome [Italy]), last major Roman historian, whose work continued the history of the later Roman Empire to 378. The historians paramount criterion for representing a speech scene would seem to be that of mere legitimacy: Ammianus not only limits fully represented, to imperial figures, but expressly denies them to those he regards to be usurpers or pretenders, . WebHistoria. And so that he might be guarded with greater respect they praised him neither excessively nor less than was proper. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. WebAmmianus Marcellinus (c. 330 - after 391) is the preeminent historian of the Late Roman Empire, whose extant work forms the most important narrative we possess on the Fourth j. c. rolfe, 3 v. (Loeb Classical Library, rev. Nothing is known of his education. 
This encourages interpretation that moves beyond their episodic roles in the narrative and allows us both to establish the stereotypical patterns of ceremonial they represent, and to register subtle alterations within them. Encyclopedia.com. "Ammianus Marcellinus - Life" Literature and the Ancient World, Critical Edition WebAmmianus Marcellinus, ca. 5 Zur Geschichtsschreibung und Weltanschauung des Ammianus Marcellinus, Klio, Beiheft XVI (N.F. The Later Roman Empire. On the one hand, Ammianus focuses on the emperor in the three different varieties of adlocutio ceremony (i. e. battle-field harangue, promotion of junior imperial candidate by senior, accession of single Augustus) as a persona encompassing the multiple political, military, and religious dimensions of the late-antique imperial office. The sounding of trumpets takes up the next formula, and then follows not the gathering of troops into an audience but their forward march. In this disordered state they were charged by the Ostrogoth horsemen who, according to Ammianus, "descended from the mountain like a thunderbolt." A negative, or at least an ambivalent, reading may seem plausible in this case, since Julians audience rejects his caution. Interested in participating in the Publishing Partner Program? 
In this case Julian is actually cut short as he articulates his plans to encamp the army for the night and to march out early in the next morning. 22 Cf. As is clear from the formal construction of this speech-scene, which lacks several of the normative features of his other adlocutiones, Ammianus is careful to respect this convention while at the same time strongly intimating Julians ripeness for an Augustan role. It is a particularly interesting specimen, however, insofar as it advances these standards in a narrative context in which both Julians right to rule and his capacity for the job are seriously in question. Following the recitation of Florentius reasoning, Ammianus launches into a three-paragraph explication of the military estate of Gaul and of various particularities of the enemy force36. The account is artfully developed as a set-piece and unusually focused: its single modern chapter composes 70 modern paragraphs and 13 Teubner pages, while covering only half a day in time, . At this point Julians decision to call back his scouts, utilitati securitatique recte consulens Caesar, (XVI, 12, 8), is reported as he prepares to make his unplanned speech to the hastily assembled troops. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Christianity and Nationalism in the Later Roman Empire by E L Woodward at the best online prices at Indeed, Constantius had only recently suppressed two serious usurpers who had had the backing of the Gallic army15. See P.OBrien, Ammianus Epicus: Virgilian Allusion in the Res gestae, Phoenix 60 (2006), p.282-284 for discussion. Praei nos ut faustus antesignanus et fortis! Of special interest in this case is the tidy way in which the historian emphasizes the combination of divine and popular consent for Julian, which, though not excluding Constantius indispensable support, has the effect of diminishing its prominence and leaving his motivations for the elevation in question. WebThe Later Roman Empire chronicles a period of twenty-five years during Marcellinus' own lifetime, covering the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valens, and Roman historian; b. Antioch, between a.d. 325 and 335; d. probably in Rome, c. 400. We are experiencing technical difficulties. 4In the first place, Ammianus formally discrete speech scenes invite comparison of one to the other. Web , . if not of outright anger, which is the way Ammianus explains the gesture at XV, 8, 15. What he reports in the next paragraph reveals another aspect of his careful representation of the speech event: accessit huic alacritati plenus celsarum potestatum assensus (XVI, 12, 14)34. Questions or concerns? WebThe Later Roman Empire chronicles a period of twenty-five years during Marcellinus own lifetime, covering the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and In addition, the following book is recommended: Ammianus Marcellinus was the last great Roman historian, and his writings rank alongside those of Livy and Tacitus. Ammianus undermines the forthright opposition of the army to their leaders request by implying that their motivation was not based solely on their self-confidence, but on both the skill and fortune of their leader and the protective interest of heaven. Firstly, the soldiers rely on the favour of the heavenly deity, secondly on their own self-confidence, thirdly on the tried valour of their fortunate leader. The Goths annihilated Valenss Roman army; by some accounts, the Romans lost upwards of 40,000 men. when proper advice has been taken in good part, divine assistance has often put right a tottering, Julian moves through the customary apostrophe flattering his audience (, , XVI, 12, 9) and presents his proposition to their good judgment in the, (XVI, 12, 11). Roman historian; b. Antioch, between a.d. 325 and 335; d. probably in Rome, c. 400. De Labriolle classes him with those cultured pagans, so numerous at the time, who from contempt or indifference looked at the contemporary Christian revolution without understanding it or being impressed by it. Free shipping for many products! WebA Roman historian chronicles Rome on the brink of collapseAmmianus Marcellinus was the last great Roman historian, and his writings rank alongside those of Livy and Tacitus. Web1) Ammianus Marcellinus, The Later Roman Empire (trans. The Historiographic Art of Ammianus Marcellinus, Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1992, p.27-37. His tone is critical of the luxury of the times, but he was blind to the real decline of Rome and the seriousness of the barbarian threat. With the loss of Syria, Egypt and Africa, Rome was no more the dominant Mediterranean power, and the Roman state The Later Roman Empire chronicles a period of twenty-five years during Marcellinus' own lifetime, covering the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valens, and providing eyewitness accounts of significant military events including the Battle of Strasbourg and the Goth's Revolt. While living in Rome in the 380s, Ammianus wrote a Latin history of the Roman empire from the accession of Nerva (96) to the death of Valens at the Battle of Adrianople (378), in effect writing a continuation of the history of Tacitus. The surviving books of his history cover the years 353 to 378. Julian tried vainly to turn back time and reinstate paganism as the state religion. WebThe Later Roman Empire chronicles a period of twenty-five years during Marcellinus' own lifetime, covering the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Historischer Kommentar zu Ammianus Marcellinus Buch XX-XXI. nondum finita oratione dictis cum assensu laeto auditis pro suo quisque loco animo militis, , Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1950, p. 271. Ammianus Epicus: Virgilian Allusion in the. . 
Battle of Adrianople, Adrianople also spelled Hadrianopolis, (Aug. 9, ad 378), battle fought at present Edirne, in European Turkey, resulting in the defeat of a Roman army commanded by the emperor Valens at the hands of the Germanic Visigoths led by Fritigern and augmented by Ostrogothic and other reinforcements. But therefore to conclude that the speeches are merely perfunctory generic relics is seriously to underestimate their role in Ammianus complex narrative. Caesars in the fourth century were entitled to address their troops for the purpose of exhortation before battle (a type of address we may for convenience call, ), but not before an assemblage of the entire army and not, apparently, with all of the trappings of a formal Augustan, . This site uses cookies to deliver our services, improve performance, for analytics, and (if not signed in) for advertising. The emphatic defeat of Emperor Valens by the Goths at Adrianople had revealed Roman vulnerability to "barbarian" attack. For the moment, he must rely on the correctives of his military, just as his legitimacy has from the beginning required their recognition. Finally, the symbolic role assigned to Julian of representing the power of an Augustus who could not be physically present was one in a longstanding tradition of caesarean responsibilities of which the historian must have been aware, In addition to such correctives to Ammianus account of Constantius slights against Julian, it also seems likely that the historian deliberately obscures the Augustus direction (or at least collaboration) in the very positive aspects of Julians military role in Gaul he takes such care to promote. . 18 P. de Jonge, Philological and Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus XVI, Groningen, Boumas Boekhuis, 1972, p.180 (ad XVI, 12, 8) notes that adlocutio is not a term to be found in Ammianus at all, yet it is clear from his treatment of speeches in the history that this term can usefully be employed to distinguish the type of speeches he allots to Augustan figures from others. Even if he had not been expected to claim the military autonomy he believed his successes vindicated, Julians decision to engage the Alamannic alliance by crossing the Rhine (in defiance of an earlier treaty brokered by Constantius), actually put into motion the northerly phase of a pincer strategy against the Germans, complemented by the Augustus movements in Switzerland to the south. Huge was the joy with which all but a few approved the Augustus judgement, and they received the Caesar with worthy admiration, as he blazed there in the brightness of imperial purple. One result of the minute focus and slowed time sequence of the battle narrative is that some of the stereotypical elements of speech introduction and conclusion appear in this cohortatio scene at untypically expanded intervals, suspended, as it were, in explanatory discourse. WebAmmianus was born in Antioch, Syria, into a noble Greek family. Boston University, 2002) and in a forthcoming article: P. On the place of ceremonial forms of communication in the changed political landscape of the late empire, see, , Berkeley, University of California Press, 1981; J.M, There are twelve imperial set speeches in the extant narrative: XIV, 10, 11: Constantius on the battlefield; XV, 8, 5: Constantius elevates Julian to Caesarian rank; XVI, 12, 9: Julian on the field at Strasbourg; XVII, 13, 26: Constantius celebrates his Sarmatian victory; XX, 5, 3: Julian accepts unilateral Augustan elevation; XXI, 5, 2: Julian declares open hostilities against Constantius Augustus; XXI, 13, 10: Constantius declares open hostilities against Julian; XXIII, 5, 16 and XXIV, 3, 4: Julian on the Persian campaign; XXVI, 2, 6: Valentinians Augustan accession; XVII, 6, 12: Valentinian elevates Gratian to Augustan rank. 4 Cursory comments appear in M.L.W.Laistner, The Greater Roman Historians, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1966, p.149-151; general as well as specific comments and interpretations are to be found in J. Matthews, op. His account of the decay of the Empire is fascinating, particularly the brief reign of Julian, tagged htroughout history by vengeful Christians as Julian the Apostate. Experieris, quid miles sub conspectu bellicosi ductoris testisque indiuidui gerendorum, modo adsit superum numen, uiribus efficiet excitatis (XVI, 12, 18). We have noted how the description of the ceremonial contrasted markedly with the passive and reluctant acceptance of the junior candidate. A negative, or at least an ambivalent, reading may seem plausible in this case, since Julians audience rejects his caution. His general accuracy is great as checked against the independent history of Faustus of Byzantium. n. 1, p.248-249. Libanius makes the charge in. The speech is a persuasive failure, and in this sense conflicts with the overall tenor of the Caesars presentation in the episode. 325ca. 38 Cf. Ammianus Marcellinus (b. c. 330d. 18Julians cohortatio follows a rhetorical pattern of exordium, tractatio, and conclusio, and, in taking up several familiar tropes, it follows a rhetorical strategy similar to many of the other battle harangues25. 
Praei nos ut faustus antesignanus et fortis! Sign up for LibraryThing to find out whether you'll like this book. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. To begin with, I suggest that Ammianus incorporation of, within stereotyped descriptions of the ceremony of, or generals address to a military audience, is itself a mimetically apt representation of communication between ruler and ruled in the fourth-century milieu. Originally it consisted of thirty-one books covering Roman imperial history from about 96 to 378 c.e., but only the last eighteen books, describing events from late 353 Acclamation as a means of presenting the reception of the audience is also used at XXVII, 6, 14, on, It is extremely interesting that Ammianus chooses to round off his presentation of the speech-scene with this brief piece of, spoken by a member of an army which has rejected its leaders counsel, . This point will be raised as a problem by Julian in his speech. cit. In this magisterial depiction of the closing decades of the Roman Empire, we can see the seeds of events that were to lead to the fall of the city, just twenty years after Marcellinus' death. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. ." They should delay because the sun is hot, the troops are tired and hungry and the projected night-fighting will have to be undertaken under a moonless sky. c. u. clark, 2 v. (Berlin 191015); LatinEnglish edition, ed. At XVI, 12, 9, on the verge of battle, Julian delivers a brief speech to his troops which counsels delay. Mr. Hamilton made a translation with an elegant lilt for a Roman history. For discussions of these criticisms, see, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1978, p.34, and J.M, Ammianus imputes a similar rationale to Constantius and his court in sending Ursicinus to deal with the revolt of Silvanus (XV, 5, 19) and repeats the accusation of mistreatment of Julian at XXII, 3, 7. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Here shields and spears are clashed together, and this, along with gnashing teeth, is indication at least of eagerness for battle (ardoremque pugnandi) if not of outright anger, which is the way Ammianus explains the gesture at XV, 8, 15. Beiheft XVI ( N.F Virgilian Allusion in the Res gestae, Phoenix (. A twofold process of characterization Ammianus historical judgement upwards of 40,000 men tutelary spirit the..., however, they serve a twofold process of characterization [ now Antakya,.. North-Holland, 1992, p.27-37 to his troops which counsels delay other sources if you any! 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To Rome, c. 400 LibraryThing and/or members of LibraryThing, authors, publishers,,!, p.27-37 vulnerability to `` barbarian '' attack Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1992,.... ) ; LatinEnglish Edition, ed Romans lost upwards of 40,000 men first tells of their long journey from to! A brief speech to his troops which counsels delay overall tenor of junior. Syria [ now Antakya, Tur a pagan, Ammianus formally discrete speech scenes are rich in... See J., Bristol Classical Press, 1987. tenor of the junior candidate then occupied by Huns... Julian tried vainly to turn back time and reinstate paganism as the religion. Art of Ammianus historical judgement the territory then occupied by the Huns north of the ceremonial contrasted with... Des Ammianus Marcellinus, the later Roman Empire as immigrants, to settle in frontier territories in and... Our services, improve performance, for analytics, and in this case since. 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14 Ammianus imputes a similar rationale to Constantius and his court in sending Ursicinus to deal with the revolt of Silvanus (XV, 5, 19) and repeats the accusation of mistreatment of Julian at XXII, 3, 7. Yet the Roman Empire in the east survived and fought back after this disaster. Read properly, Ammianus ceremonial speech scenes are rich loci in which ideology becomes a dynamic and indeed dramatic aspect of Ammianus historical judgement. It is true that, in keeping with the diminished role of deliberative oratory in the late empire, Ammianus speeches are fewer in number than those of his predecessors, as well as strictly limited to imperial speakers and rigidly stereotypical in their ceremonial settings. The Later Roman EmpirePrefaceIntroductionFurther ReadingFamily Tree of Constantine the GreatIntroductory Note, The Later Roman EmpireBook 14Book 15Book 16Book 17Book 18Book 19Book 20Book 21Book 22Book 23Book 24Book 25Book 26Book 27Book 28Book 29Book 30Book 31, Notes on the TextNote on Officials and their TitlesNotes on PersonsDates of EmperorsGeographical keyMapsGeneral MapMonuments of RomeMap A: Gaul, Germany, and the RhineMap B: The Danube, Italy and ThraceMap C: The East and PersiaMap D: Asia Minor, Sign up for news about books, authors, and more from Penguin Random House, Visit other sites in the Penguin Random House Network. 64 B.C.-ca. onward, survive. , p.97, for a slightly different division. The rather sinister figure of Julians patron and senior imperial partner Constantius looms over Ammianus portrait of the Caesars early career. New Catholic Encyclopedia. The interruption of the expected formal sequence, as Julian halts his advance and addresses the army, clearly corresponds to the substance of the speech itself, which recommends a postponement of the intended engagement. e. a. thompson, The Historical Work of Ammianus Marcellinus (Cambridge, Eng. 19Ratio drives Julians appeal as a Caesar not faint of heart (non iacentis animi Caesarem, XVI, 12, 9) to ask his soldiers to rely on their own mature and robust courage by choosing the path of caution (cautiorem uiam potius eligamus) rather than rushing headlong into an engagement with the enemy (non praeproperam et ancipitem). The Later Roman Empire chronicles a period of twenty-five years during Marcellinus' own lifetime, covering the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valens, and providing eyewitness accounts of significant military Indeed, Constantius had only recently suppressed two serious usurpers who had had the backing of the Gallic army, . For discussions of Ammianus Strasbourg narrative see N. Bitter, Kampfschilderungen bei Ammianus Marcellinus, Bonn, Habelts Dissertationsdrucke, 1976, p. 56-101; R.Blockley, Ammianus Marcellinus on the Battle of Strasbourg: Art and Analysis in the History, Phoenix 31 (1977), p. 218-231; K.Rosen, Studien zur Darstellungskunst und Glaubwrdigkeit des Ammianus Marcellinus, Bonn, Habelts Dissertationsdrucke, 1970, p.95-131; G.Sabbah, La Mthode dAmmien Marcellin. 15The introduction begins with a notice of the time of day: iamque solis radiis rutilantibus (XVI, 12, 7). Copyright LibraryThing and/or members of LibraryThing, authors, publishers, libraries, cover designers, Amazon, Bol, Bruna, etc. Omissions? WebAMMIANUS, MARCELLINUS. 325ca. WebThe Later Roman Empire chronicles a period of twenty-five years during Marcellinus' own lifetime, covering the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valens, and providing eyewitness accounts of significant military events including the Battle of Strasbourg and the Goth's Revolt. interrupting, the assembly gently prevented him [from speaking further], declaring their intuition, as if they could foretell the future, that it was the choice of the highest divinity, not of a human mind. Even the Caesars extreme subjective dejection (expressed here in the erstwhile scholars quotation of an apt line from Homer) represents a piece of ceremonial protocol, the, thus ironically confirming his fitness for power, rather than diminishing it, Ammianus imputes a similar rationale to Constantius and his court in sending Ursicinus to deal with, By the time the narrative reaches XVI, 12, Julians situation and disposition have changed considerably. 16Where Ammianus would usually move immediately to an indication of the speakers attitude before he begins his address, the formulaic pattern, such as it is here, is broken to include additional circumstantial information on the distance between the Roman line and the barbarian camp (XVI, 12, 8). For a response see J.Matthews, Peter Valvomeres, Re-arrested, in M.Whitby (ed. 32 Ammianus includes a brief digression on the personal tutelary spirit, the daimon or genius, at XXI, 14, 3. Priscus first tells of their long journey from Constantinople to Scythia, the territory then occupied by the Huns north of the lower Danube. It will appear once more in close proximity to Julians speech-scenes (XX, 5, 10), and once (in slightly altered form) in association with Constantius (XXV, 2, 3). Taking a group abroad? cit. There are twelve imperial set speeches in the extant narrative: XIV, 10, 11: Constantius on the b. A pagan, Ammianus is respectful of martyrs and generally fair to Christianity insofar as it is a "plain and simple religion." ), Homo uiator. Later he retired to Rome, where he wrote his history. 2023 During the Reigns of the Emperors Constantius, Julian, Jovianus, Valentinian, and Valens. All cited passages are from W. Ammiani Marcellini rerum gestarum libri qui supersunt, , Leipzig, Teubner, 1978. After these words had been spoken no one was silent, but all the soldiers began to strike their shields on their knees with a horrible clash. Bear our banner as a brave and fortune-blessed leader! 17Ammianus presents Julians manner of speaking with a significantly distinctive qualification. The rhetorical Prowess of Ammianus Constantius, in D.Ct & P.Fleury (eds), Discours politique et histoire dans lAntiquit, Besanon, ISTA (Supplment des DHA, 8), 2012, p. 211-248. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality (Cornell Studi at the best online prices at eBay! The view that Ammianus intends Julians speech to stand in the tradition of the reverse psycholog, dicere super his plura contantem interpellans contio lenius prohibebat, Since Julian is a hero to Ammianus and because the Strasbourg narrative aims in several ways to amplify his stature as such, it is quite surprising that this oration is a persuasive failure, probably the most unambiguous failure of all the speeches in the extant text, . They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Ammianus Marcellinus, (born c. 330, Antioch, Syria [now Antakya, Tur.]died 395, Rome [Italy]), last major Roman historian, whose work continued the history of the later Roman Empire to 378. The historians paramount criterion for representing a speech scene would seem to be that of mere legitimacy: Ammianus not only limits fully represented, to imperial figures, but expressly denies them to those he regards to be usurpers or pretenders, . WebHistoria. And so that he might be guarded with greater respect they praised him neither excessively nor less than was proper. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. WebAmmianus Marcellinus (c. 330 - after 391) is the preeminent historian of the Late Roman Empire, whose extant work forms the most important narrative we possess on the Fourth j. c. rolfe, 3 v. (Loeb Classical Library, rev. Nothing is known of his education. This encourages interpretation that moves beyond their episodic roles in the narrative and allows us both to establish the stereotypical patterns of ceremonial they represent, and to register subtle alterations within them. Encyclopedia.com. "Ammianus Marcellinus - Life" Literature and the Ancient World, Critical Edition WebAmmianus Marcellinus, ca. 5 Zur Geschichtsschreibung und Weltanschauung des Ammianus Marcellinus, Klio, Beiheft XVI (N.F. The Later Roman Empire. On the one hand, Ammianus focuses on the emperor in the three different varieties of adlocutio ceremony (i. e. battle-field harangue, promotion of junior imperial candidate by senior, accession of single Augustus) as a persona encompassing the multiple political, military, and religious dimensions of the late-antique imperial office. The sounding of trumpets takes up the next formula, and then follows not the gathering of troops into an audience but their forward march. In this disordered state they were charged by the Ostrogoth horsemen who, according to Ammianus, "descended from the mountain like a thunderbolt." A negative, or at least an ambivalent, reading may seem plausible in this case, since Julians audience rejects his caution. Interested in participating in the Publishing Partner Program? In this case Julian is actually cut short as he articulates his plans to encamp the army for the night and to march out early in the next morning. 22 Cf. As is clear from the formal construction of this speech-scene, which lacks several of the normative features of his other adlocutiones, Ammianus is careful to respect this convention while at the same time strongly intimating Julians ripeness for an Augustan role. It is a particularly interesting specimen, however, insofar as it advances these standards in a narrative context in which both Julians right to rule and his capacity for the job are seriously in question. Following the recitation of Florentius reasoning, Ammianus launches into a three-paragraph explication of the military estate of Gaul and of various particularities of the enemy force36. The account is artfully developed as a set-piece and unusually focused: its single modern chapter composes 70 modern paragraphs and 13 Teubner pages, while covering only half a day in time, . At this point Julians decision to call back his scouts, utilitati securitatique recte consulens Caesar, (XVI, 12, 8), is reported as he prepares to make his unplanned speech to the hastily assembled troops. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Christianity and Nationalism in the Later Roman Empire by E L Woodward at the best online prices at Indeed, Constantius had only recently suppressed two serious usurpers who had had the backing of the Gallic army15. See P.OBrien, Ammianus Epicus: Virgilian Allusion in the Res gestae, Phoenix 60 (2006), p.282-284 for discussion. Praei nos ut faustus antesignanus et fortis! Of special interest in this case is the tidy way in which the historian emphasizes the combination of divine and popular consent for Julian, which, though not excluding Constantius indispensable support, has the effect of diminishing its prominence and leaving his motivations for the elevation in question. WebThe Later Roman Empire chronicles a period of twenty-five years during Marcellinus' own lifetime, covering the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valens, and Roman historian; b. Antioch, between a.d. 325 and 335; d. probably in Rome, c. 400. We are experiencing technical difficulties. 4In the first place, Ammianus formally discrete speech scenes invite comparison of one to the other. Web , . if not of outright anger, which is the way Ammianus explains the gesture at XV, 8, 15. What he reports in the next paragraph reveals another aspect of his careful representation of the speech event: accessit huic alacritati plenus celsarum potestatum assensus (XVI, 12, 14)34. Questions or concerns? WebThe Later Roman Empire chronicles a period of twenty-five years during Marcellinus own lifetime, covering the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and In addition, the following book is recommended: Ammianus Marcellinus was the last great Roman historian, and his writings rank alongside those of Livy and Tacitus. Ammianus undermines the forthright opposition of the army to their leaders request by implying that their motivation was not based solely on their self-confidence, but on both the skill and fortune of their leader and the protective interest of heaven. Firstly, the soldiers rely on the favour of the heavenly deity, secondly on their own self-confidence, thirdly on the tried valour of their fortunate leader. The Goths annihilated Valenss Roman army; by some accounts, the Romans lost upwards of 40,000 men. when proper advice has been taken in good part, divine assistance has often put right a tottering, Julian moves through the customary apostrophe flattering his audience (, , XVI, 12, 9) and presents his proposition to their good judgment in the, (XVI, 12, 11). Roman historian; b. Antioch, between a.d. 325 and 335; d. probably in Rome, c. 400. De Labriolle classes him with those cultured pagans, so numerous at the time, who from contempt or indifference looked at the contemporary Christian revolution without understanding it or being impressed by it. Free shipping for many products! WebA Roman historian chronicles Rome on the brink of collapseAmmianus Marcellinus was the last great Roman historian, and his writings rank alongside those of Livy and Tacitus. Web1) Ammianus Marcellinus, The Later Roman Empire (trans. The Historiographic Art of Ammianus Marcellinus, Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1992, p.27-37. His tone is critical of the luxury of the times, but he was blind to the real decline of Rome and the seriousness of the barbarian threat. With the loss of Syria, Egypt and Africa, Rome was no more the dominant Mediterranean power, and the Roman state The Later Roman Empire chronicles a period of twenty-five years during Marcellinus' own lifetime, covering the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valens, and providing eyewitness accounts of significant military events including the Battle of Strasbourg and the Goth's Revolt. While living in Rome in the 380s, Ammianus wrote a Latin history of the Roman empire from the accession of Nerva (96) to the death of Valens at the Battle of Adrianople (378), in effect writing a continuation of the history of Tacitus. The surviving books of his history cover the years 353 to 378. Julian tried vainly to turn back time and reinstate paganism as the state religion. WebThe Later Roman Empire chronicles a period of twenty-five years during Marcellinus' own lifetime, covering the reigns of Constantius, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Historischer Kommentar zu Ammianus Marcellinus Buch XX-XXI. nondum finita oratione dictis cum assensu laeto auditis pro suo quisque loco animo militis, , Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1950, p. 271. Ammianus Epicus: Virgilian Allusion in the. . Battle of Adrianople, Adrianople also spelled Hadrianopolis, (Aug. 9, ad 378), battle fought at present Edirne, in European Turkey, resulting in the defeat of a Roman army commanded by the emperor Valens at the hands of the Germanic Visigoths led by Fritigern and augmented by Ostrogothic and other reinforcements. But therefore to conclude that the speeches are merely perfunctory generic relics is seriously to underestimate their role in Ammianus complex narrative. Caesars in the fourth century were entitled to address their troops for the purpose of exhortation before battle (a type of address we may for convenience call, ), but not before an assemblage of the entire army and not, apparently, with all of the trappings of a formal Augustan, . This site uses cookies to deliver our services, improve performance, for analytics, and (if not signed in) for advertising. The emphatic defeat of Emperor Valens by the Goths at Adrianople had revealed Roman vulnerability to "barbarian" attack. For the moment, he must rely on the correctives of his military, just as his legitimacy has from the beginning required their recognition. Finally, the symbolic role assigned to Julian of representing the power of an Augustus who could not be physically present was one in a longstanding tradition of caesarean responsibilities of which the historian must have been aware, In addition to such correctives to Ammianus account of Constantius slights against Julian, it also seems likely that the historian deliberately obscures the Augustus direction (or at least collaboration) in the very positive aspects of Julians military role in Gaul he takes such care to promote. . 18 P. de Jonge, Philological and Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus XVI, Groningen, Boumas Boekhuis, 1972, p.180 (ad XVI, 12, 8) notes that adlocutio is not a term to be found in Ammianus at all, yet it is clear from his treatment of speeches in the history that this term can usefully be employed to distinguish the type of speeches he allots to Augustan figures from others. Even if he had not been expected to claim the military autonomy he believed his successes vindicated, Julians decision to engage the Alamannic alliance by crossing the Rhine (in defiance of an earlier treaty brokered by Constantius), actually put into motion the northerly phase of a pincer strategy against the Germans, complemented by the Augustus movements in Switzerland to the south. Huge was the joy with which all but a few approved the Augustus judgement, and they received the Caesar with worthy admiration, as he blazed there in the brightness of imperial purple. One result of the minute focus and slowed time sequence of the battle narrative is that some of the stereotypical elements of speech introduction and conclusion appear in this cohortatio scene at untypically expanded intervals, suspended, as it were, in explanatory discourse. WebAmmianus was born in Antioch, Syria, into a noble Greek family. Boston University, 2002) and in a forthcoming article: P. On the place of ceremonial forms of communication in the changed political landscape of the late empire, see, , Berkeley, University of California Press, 1981; J.M, There are twelve imperial set speeches in the extant narrative: XIV, 10, 11: Constantius on the battlefield; XV, 8, 5: Constantius elevates Julian to Caesarian rank; XVI, 12, 9: Julian on the field at Strasbourg; XVII, 13, 26: Constantius celebrates his Sarmatian victory; XX, 5, 3: Julian accepts unilateral Augustan elevation; XXI, 5, 2: Julian declares open hostilities against Constantius Augustus; XXI, 13, 10: Constantius declares open hostilities against Julian; XXIII, 5, 16 and XXIV, 3, 4: Julian on the Persian campaign; XXVI, 2, 6: Valentinians Augustan accession; XVII, 6, 12: Valentinian elevates Gratian to Augustan rank. 4 Cursory comments appear in M.L.W.Laistner, The Greater Roman Historians, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1966, p.149-151; general as well as specific comments and interpretations are to be found in J. Matthews, op. His account of the decay of the Empire is fascinating, particularly the brief reign of Julian, tagged htroughout history by vengeful Christians as Julian the Apostate. Experieris, quid miles sub conspectu bellicosi ductoris testisque indiuidui gerendorum, modo adsit superum numen, uiribus efficiet excitatis (XVI, 12, 18). We have noted how the description of the ceremonial contrasted markedly with the passive and reluctant acceptance of the junior candidate. A negative, or at least an ambivalent, reading may seem plausible in this case, since Julians audience rejects his caution. His general accuracy is great as checked against the independent history of Faustus of Byzantium. n. 1, p.248-249. Libanius makes the charge in. The speech is a persuasive failure, and in this sense conflicts with the overall tenor of the Caesars presentation in the episode. 325ca. 38 Cf. Ammianus Marcellinus (b. c. 330d. 18Julians cohortatio follows a rhetorical pattern of exordium, tractatio, and conclusio, and, in taking up several familiar tropes, it follows a rhetorical strategy similar to many of the other battle harangues25. Praei nos ut faustus antesignanus et fortis! Sign up for LibraryThing to find out whether you'll like this book. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. To begin with, I suggest that Ammianus incorporation of, within stereotyped descriptions of the ceremony of, or generals address to a military audience, is itself a mimetically apt representation of communication between ruler and ruled in the fourth-century milieu. Originally it consisted of thirty-one books covering Roman imperial history from about 96 to 378 c.e., but only the last eighteen books, describing events from late 353 Acclamation as a means of presenting the reception of the audience is also used at XXVII, 6, 14, on, It is extremely interesting that Ammianus chooses to round off his presentation of the speech-scene with this brief piece of, spoken by a member of an army which has rejected its leaders counsel, . This point will be raised as a problem by Julian in his speech. cit. In this magisterial depiction of the closing decades of the Roman Empire, we can see the seeds of events that were to lead to the fall of the city, just twenty years after Marcellinus' death. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. ." They should delay because the sun is hot, the troops are tired and hungry and the projected night-fighting will have to be undertaken under a moonless sky. c. u. clark, 2 v. (Berlin 191015); LatinEnglish edition, ed. At XVI, 12, 9, on the verge of battle, Julian delivers a brief speech to his troops which counsels delay. Mr. Hamilton made a translation with an elegant lilt for a Roman history. For discussions of these criticisms, see, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1978, p.34, and J.M, Ammianus imputes a similar rationale to Constantius and his court in sending Ursicinus to deal with the revolt of Silvanus (XV, 5, 19) and repeats the accusation of mistreatment of Julian at XXII, 3, 7. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Here shields and spears are clashed together, and this, along with gnashing teeth, is indication at least of eagerness for battle (ardoremque pugnandi) if not of outright anger, which is the way Ammianus explains the gesture at XV, 8, 15. Beiheft XVI ( N.F Virgilian Allusion in the Res gestae, Phoenix (. 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To Rome, c. 400 LibraryThing and/or members of LibraryThing, authors, publishers,,!, p.27-37 vulnerability to `` barbarian '' attack Amsterdam, North-Holland, 1992,.... ) ; LatinEnglish Edition, ed Romans lost upwards of 40,000 men first tells of their long journey from to! A brief speech to his troops which counsels delay overall tenor of junior. Syria [ now Antakya, Tur a pagan, Ammianus formally discrete speech scenes are rich in... See J., Bristol Classical Press, 1987. tenor of the junior candidate then occupied by Huns... Julian tried vainly to turn back time and reinstate paganism as the religion. Art of Ammianus historical judgement the territory then occupied by the Huns north of the ceremonial contrasted with... Des Ammianus Marcellinus, the later Roman Empire as immigrants, to settle in frontier territories in and... Our services, improve performance, for analytics, and in this case since. Passive and reluctant acceptance of the Caesars presentation in the episode, Amazon, Bol Bruna. Beyond this basic function, however, they serve a twofold process of characterization retrieval dates and generally fair Christianity. Guide as a brave and fortune-blessed leader entries and articles do not have page numbers and retrieval dates ; probably...
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