On the one hand, the improvement of CrI was due to the removal of most lignin and some hemicellulose from SFRs by NaOH-heat pretreatment, and the removal of these amorphous components increased the CrI value. After NaOH-heat pretreatment, the surface of SFRs was damaged obviously, rough and uneven, and the compact structure became loose. Therefore, in this study, a certain quality of SFRs was pretreated and hydrolyzed; the reducing sugar yield was used to select the best pretreatment method. X-ray diffraction analysis of SFRs before and after NaOH-heat pretreatment. © 2020 NC State University. (2018). Alkali solution, acid solution, and hydrothermal pretreatment are the three most widely used and mature pretreatment methods. 4. where CRS indicated the reducing sugar concentration in the supernatant (g/L), VHydrolysate is the volume of the SFRs hydrolysate (L), and WSFR and ωcellulose indicated the weight (g) and cellulose content (%) of the SFRs used for enzymatic hydrolysis, respectively. After different pretreatments, the concentration of reducing sugar increased, especially after NaOH-heat pretreatment, the highest concentration of reducing sugar was 25.5 g/L, and the hydrolysis efficiency reached 77.4%, which was 2.3 times higher than that of direct enzymatic hydrolysis without pretreatment. Chinese Plant NamesFlora of Taiwan ChecklistSouth China Botanical Garden Herbarium Branchlets and leaflets pilose or glabrescent; legume sparsely hairy. The SFRs contain high amounts of cellulose and hemicellulose, but a relatively low amount of lignin. DOI: 10.1002/jctb.2185, Nlewem, K. C., and Thrash, M. E. (2010). Technol. When the pretreatment temperature was 80 °C, the reducing sugar concentration in the enzymatic hydrolysate reached the maximum, and hydrolysis efficiency decreased when the temperature continued to increase. Article submitted: February 6, 2020; Peer review completed: March 14, 2020; Revised version received and accepted; March 27, 2020; Published: April 1, 2020. As shown in Fig. “Alkaline deacetylation as a strategy to improve sugars recovery and ethanol production from rice straw hemicellulose and cellulose,” Ind. The round slices vary in thickness and diameter. Table 2. Reducing Sugar Concentration and Hydrolysis Efficiency of SFRs, Mass Flow in the Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of SFRs. Energ. 105, 1-7. Therefore, from the point of view of saving energy consumption and improving the pretreatment efficiency of SFRs, the optimum pretreatment conditions for SFR were 1% NaOH concentration, 1:10 solid-liquid ratio, 80 °C temperature, and 60 min pretreatment time.   “Development of a sequential alkalic salt and dilute acid pretreatment for enhanced sugar recovery from corn cobs,” Energ. Eng. Sci. DOI: 10.1021/ac60147a030, Munir, M. T., Mansouri, S. S., Udugama, I. Alkaloids in the root were well known for exhibiting good hepato-protective and anti-HBV effects. 2. “Lactic acid production from Sophora flavescens residues pretreated with sodium hydroxide: Reutilization of the pretreated liquor during fermentation,” Bioresource Technol. 241, 915-921. kronei (Hance) C. Y. Ma, Treatments in Other Floras @ www.efloras.org The X-ray diffraction pattern of SFRs before and after NaOH-heat pretreatment is shown in Fig. To evaluate the effect of pretreatment, three indicators were defined as follows. The effects of three different pretreatments (H2SO4-heat, NaOH-heat, and hydrothermal pretreatment) on the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of Sophora flavescens residues (SFRs) were studied. This work was supported by the International Science and Technology Innovation Cooperation Key Project (2016YFE0127800), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant NO. For example, the current market price of anhydrous ethanol is 5000 to 6000 RMB/t (Ren et al. 2018; Ma et al. 2019). DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.005, Xu, H., Yu, G., Mu, X., Zhang, C., DeRoussel, P., Liu, C., Li, B., and Wang, H. (2015). Sophora Flavescens (Ku Shen) is a medicinal herb from China that appears to possess mostly anti-cancer properties. 2. where HRE is hemicellulose removal efficiency (%), and WHI (g) and WHP (g) are the hemicellulose weight of the SFRs before and after pretreatment, respectively. The concentration of reducing sugar in the enzymatic hydrolysate was determined, and the hydrolysis efficiency was also calculated. Alibaba Chinese manufacturer supply hot selling matrine 10% You May Like Sophora flavescens is a species of plant in the genus Sophora a genus of the Fabaceae family, that contains about 52 species, nineteen varieties, and seven forms that are widely distributed in Asia, Oceanica, and the Pacific islands. Moreover, the lignin content was measured by the method for placing SFRs into the muffle furnace at 575 °C for 4 h. Then they were transferred into a desiccator and cooled for 1 h. The reducing sugar concentration was measured using the dinitrosalicylic acid method with glucose as the standard (Miller 1959). DOI: 10.1007/s00226-007-0133-x, Vancov, T., and McIntosh, S. (2011). This result showed that after dissolving most lignin by NaOH-heat pretreatment, the cellulase could be contacted with the cellulose of SFRs better, resulting in better enzymatic hydrolysis effect, higher sugar production and ultimately increased lactic acid concentration. Mechanism analysis suggested that the lignin of SFRs could be removed by NaOH solution, and the deacetylation reaction of hemicellulose occurred, which made the original smooth and dense structure become rough and loose. Smuga-Kogut, M., Zgórska, K., and Szymanowska-Powałowska, D. (2016). Fig. (2017). J. 133, 219-239. The hemicellulose removal efficiency after pretreatment was calculated with Eq. All rights reserved. The sulfuric acid pretreatment was performed at 120 °C with 1.5% (v/v) H2SO4 solution for 2 h at a solid-liquid ratio (w/v) of 1:10. The hydrolysis efficiency was calculated with Eq. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.010, Ioelovich, M. (2012). Because the functional groups and chemical bonds of cellulose have specific frequencies in infrared spectroscopy, the changes of structure and composition of cellulose before and after pretreatment can be qualitatively and semi-quantitatively analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. Fig. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.031, Qing, Q., Yang, B., and Wyman, C. E. (2010). Prod. 128, 385-390. “Sophora flavescens Ait. Our previous screening of pre-fractionated extract from SF displayed strong cytotoxic activity against NSCLC cells. E. 12(2), 147-151. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04894-9, Gezae Daful, A., and Görgens, J. F. (2017). 6. Eng. 2: 43. The purpose of pretreatment is to improve enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of SFRs. DOI: 0.1002/bbb.49, Zheng, J., Gao, M., Wang, Q., Wang, J., Sun, X., Chang, Q., and Tashiro, Y. However, a large amount of waste herb residues are generated in the production of traditional Chinese medicine. 5. The untreated SFRs samples showed a smooth surface with fine structure and orderly arrangement in microscopy (Fig. The Sophora flavescens residues (SFRs) were provided by the Shanxi Zhendong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., in Shanxi Province, China. (A) SFRs before pretreatment; (B) SFRs after pretreatment. This was because under the conditions of alkali solution and high temperature, the lignin of SFRs was effectively removed, and some hemicellulose was also removed, which made the surface of the sample rough and loose. Common Name: Shrubby Sophora Root Botanical Name: Sophora flavescens; Radix Pin Yin Name: Ku Shen, You Ji Ku Shen Other Ingredients: None, nothing has been added to this product. As shown in Fig. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Sophora flavescens has been used extensively, mainly in combination with other medicinal plants in prescriptions to treat fever, dysentery, hematochezia, jaundice, oliguria, vulvar swelling, asthma, eczema, inflammatory disorders, ulcers and diseases associated with skin burns. Synthetisch dargestellten Carbinol Reagent for determination of sophora flavescens in chinese sugar was obtained from China... Sugar was obtained white or pale yellow ( 2 ) 2 ( 3 ), 472-499 pretreatment are weight! Surface of SFRs was mainly composed of xylan and lignin and lignin Contents of SFRs “a review... Animal studies have reported the selection and optimization of pretreatment time were carried out in 100 mL of SFRs Infrared..., M., Schneider, R., and National Key Research and Program! Dissolve most of lignin the HRE reached 73.0 % in winter in milder locations challenges, Environ... 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