dutch schultz family tree

He left his school when he was in the eighth grade to support his mother. Research genealogy for Dutch SCHULTZ of Bronx, Bronx, New York City (All Boroughs), New York, USA, as well as other members of the SCHULTZ family, on Ancestry. . Noe's wounds became infected and he died on November 21. On 8 December 1920, Dutch was released on parole and worked with Schultz Trucking, a shipping company. Schultz's trusted lieutenant, Bo Weinberg, then picked up McManus and drove him away from the murder scene. Dutch Schultz's Missing Millions | Code Of The Wild | Discovery After Schultz's death, it was discovered that he and his wife had never gone through an official marriage ceremony, and the possible existence of another wife emerged with the discovery of letters and pictures of another woman and children among his effects at the hotel where he was staying in Newark. He survived emergency surgery but died of peritonitis 22 hours later, age 33 years and 2 months. Dutch Schultz - Historical records and family trees - MyHeritage No animated GIFs, photos with additional graphics (borders, embellishments. Dutch expanded his illegal operations by including a policy racket that was similar to lottery. That tactic angered the runners and the games' controllers, who, despite being threatened with violence for showing any dissent, hired a hall, held a mass protest meeting, and declared a strike of sorts. New York Mayor Fiorello la Guardia was so enraged by the acquittal that he banished Schultz from the city, so he moved his operations across the river to Newark, New Jersey. Hit-and-run driver who killed Crewe cyclist jailed - BBC News None of the men died at the scene and were transported to the hospital. Rosenkrantz rose to his feet and demanded that the barman, who had hidden during the shootout, give him some change. Afterward, he lingered for hours but died on October 24, 1935. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile . This memorial has been copied to your clipboard. Psychics have even been utilized to help find the lost loot. No apparent attempt was made on the life of Irish-American mobster John M. Dunn, who later became the brother-in-law of mobster Edward J. McGrath and a powerful member of the Hell's Kitchen Irish mob. Diamond and Coll were killed by Schultz's henchmen in 1931 and 1932, respectively. Research genealogy for Delbert Earl "Dutch" Schultz of Olympia, Washington, as well as other members of the Schultz family, on Ancestry. He had built up his business of selling beer in New York, intimidating saloon owners into buying only from him, going so far as to kidnap and torture Joe Rock, a saloon owner who refused to buy from the Schultz gang. In it, a former lawyer of Dutch Schultz recalled a 2-by-3-foot steel box filled with diamonds, gold coins and $1,000 bills. Using their own trucks to reduce high delivery costs, they brought in beer made by Frankie Dunn, a brewer in Union City, New Jersey. We have estimated At the meeting, at which chief enforcer Bo Weinberg and mob lawyer Dixie Davis were also present, Martin belligerently denied Schultz's charges and began arguing with him. We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,contact us! Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Quickly see who the memorial is for and when they lived and died and where they are buried. However, they were involved in smuggling liquor and beer into New York City from Canada. Herman Louis "Dutch" Schultz 1916-1988 - Ancestry View popular celebrities life details, birth signs and real ages. He spent months hiding out before surrendering in November 1934. On television, in the 1959 The Untouchables episodes "Vincent 'Mad Dog' Coll", "The Dutch Schultz Story" and "Jack 'Legs' Diamond", Schultz was played by Lawrence Dobkin. Witnesses say Schultz staggered out of the bathroom, clutching his side, and sat at his table. Two gunmen forced their way into Diamond's room and shot him five times before fleeing. Research genealogy for Herbert (Dutch) Schultz of Brenham, Washington, Texas, USA, as well as other members of the Schultz family, on Ancestry. [11] During his absence, his gang was forced to leave the city. Friends Ariel Schlein and Alex Adams co-founded Dutch's Spirits at Harvest Homestead Farm in 2010. The ensuing gang war finally ended when Vincent Coll was killed in 1932. These include: Schultz's last words have inspired a number of writers to devote works related to them. His mother, Emma had tried to raise little Arthur in the orthodox faith. Are you sure that you want to remove this flower? Finally, Martin admitted that he had taken $20,000, which he believed he was "entitled to" anyway. You are nearing the transfer limit for memorials managed by Find a Grave. But allegedly his talk of killing a public figure made some of his fellow gangsters nervous, and they ordered a hit on Schultz instead, hiring members of the mob hit squad "Murder, Inc." to carry out the job. Landau chased Workman out of the bar and emptied his pistol at him but missed. He then worked various jobs before joining Schultz Trucking in the Bronx around 1916, where he worked for the next three years. His first trial resulted in a hung jury, and he was acquitted in the second case. Another 270 words (19 lines of text) covering the years 1224, 1680, 1661, 1693, 1719, 1615, 1683, 1747, 1800, 1770, 1849, 1808 and 1883 are included under the topic Early Shultz History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. When the first ambulance arrived, medics determined Landau and Rosenkrantz were the most seriously wounded and needed to be taken immediately to Newark City Hospital. Far from the complex philanthropy of Bumpy Johnson and the. is 5'7"(1.7m) . Learn more about merges. Please reset your password. He was killed by Murder, Inc. members Charles Workman and Mendy Weiss. After his death it was not possible to prove he had married any of the four women who claimed to be his wife. 0% Complete. The brothers use . Are you adding a grave photo that will fulfill this request? Dutch Schultz - Last Words, Treasure & Death - Biography Spouse/Ex-: Frances Flegenheimer (m. 19321935), children: Anne Davis Flegenheimer, John David Flegenheimer, place of death: Newark, New Jersey, United States, See the events in life of Dutch Schultz in Chronological Order, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schultz_dutch_mug.jpg, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TT0cJc98EQM. When released from prison he took up bootlegging and associated with both Lucky Luciano and Legs Diamond. Dutch Schultz was born on August 6, 1901, as Arthur Flegenheimer in Bronx, New York to Emma and Herman Flegenheimer. Get Started. Please. Dutch Schultz, 1901 - 1935 Dutch Schultzwas born on August 6 1901, in The Bronx. By this point, the federal government began to pursue Schultz, who had entered into the illegal gambling market, to diversify his interests. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. After his father left the family as a teenager, the impressionable young man turned his impoverished state into a life of crime as a professional gangster. Herbert (Dutch) Schultz 1908-1980 - Ancestry In October 1935 he broached the idea of assassinating Dewey, outlining a plot to Albert Anastasia and perhaps other mobsters. He started off with burglary and was caught during the act while breaking into an apartment. When Davis asked about this, Schultz replied, deadpan, "I cut his heart out.". While on his deathbed in 1935, Schultz rambled incoherently about a $7 million dollar fortune he had buried in upstate New York. The conflict lasted until Coll was killed reportedly by members of Schultz's gang in February 1932. Even then, they provided the police with only minimal information. He was shot once, below the heart in the bathroom of the Palace Chophouse restaurant but staggered out and sat at a table (not wanting to die in the bathroom). He hid out for months and finally surrendered in 1934, he was tried twice, the first trial ended with a hung jury and he was acquitted in the second. An enraged Schultz said he would kill Dewey anyway and walked out of the meeting. Updates? You need a Find a Grave account to continue. This was part of his plan to have his trials moved from New York City to upstate. Save to an Ancestry Tree, a virtual cemetery, your clipboard for pasting or Print. Dutch was tried twice for income tax evasion in 1935. Nevertheless, despite their injuries, both gangsters rose to their feet, returned fire, and drove the assassins out of the restaurant. But Schultz soon discovered that crime was more lucrative than a day job. Schultz was indicted in New York in January 1933 and became a fugitive. . You will have to please tell him, you got no case. When Schultz refused to meet their demands, his cash flow dried up, and the mobster was forced to back down. Pennsylvania had the highest population of Schultz families in 1840. We encourage you to research and examine these . His associates gave him the nickname "Dutch Schultz," after a local gangster who was known for his violent, brutal ways. Born in the Bronx, New York as Arthur Simon Flegenheimer to German Jewish immigrants, he later became known as Dutch Schultz. Prohibition was a dangerous, glamorous time in American history. Dutch Schultz, born Arthur Flegenheimer to German immigrant Jews in 1902, grew up in the slums of The Bronx. With the case going to a second trial, Schultz quickly set about presenting himself to the townspeople of Malone as a country squire and good citizen. One version told some 50 years ago by a local old-timer claimed that he had seen Schultz and Rosenkranz when they stopped for lunch at the Phoenicia Hotel. Around this time Schultz expanded into illegal gambling, operating slot machines and a type of lottery carefully controlled by a strategy devised by his accountant, Otto Berman, so there were very few winners. Include gps location with grave photos where possible. Herman Flegenheimer apparently abandoned his family, and Emma is listed as divorced in the 1910 US Census. Honored to be recognized with the #APHA2022 Carl Schultz Lifetime Achievement award by the #SRH section. His father was a saloonkeeper who abandoned the family at 14, never to be heard from again. Their plan met little resistance because of the ongoing bad feelings over the attempted pay cuts and the support of Weinberg. Skip Ancestry . During his relatively brief life, Schultz became a powerful figure in the New York crime world, earning the nicknames "Beer Baron of the Bronx" and "The Dutchman." While Schultz was in the bathroom, two Murder, Inc. hitmen named Charles The Bug Workman and Emanuel Mendy Weiss entered the restaurant. Use Next and Previous buttons to navigate, or jump to a slide with the slide dots. Dutch Schultz, a.k.a. Ancestry is a major source of information if you are filling out the detail of Dutch Schultz in your family tree. As the safe has never been recovered, treasure hunters have annually returned to look for it in the Catskills. In fact, he was known to have been very tight with his money except where bribery was concerned. During Schultz's tax trial (see below) he began to suspect that Martin was skimming from the shakedown operation; Schultz had recently discovered a $70,000 disparity in the books. Try again later. The abandonment by his father left Dutch traumatized and he spent the rest of his life in denial. Judge Excoriates Jury Of Farmers. Uncle Charlie Killed Dutch Schultz: The Jewish Mob: A Family Affair After his father left the family, Schultz turned to burglary, then bootlegging. ). Trilogy. After he was recaptured following an escape, he had an extra two months added to his sentence.[6]. He reportedly had other wives as well. Failed to remove flower. He went to a prison in Blackwell's Island, now called Roosevelt Island. In the early hours of October 16, 1928, Noe was shot several times outside the Chateau Madrid, a speakeasy at 231 West 54th. However, all would die within the next two days. By this time, Schultz was supplying speakeasies in the Bronx with $2 million worth of alcohol and was bringing in large profits. As a result, Schultz was forced to relocate his base of operations across the Hudson River to Newark. He called for anyone who could hear him to get an ambulance. During the 1930s, the two were embroiled in a vicious gang war, which led a number of men dead in both camps. Emerging leader in a single family owned enterprise. His father abandoned the family when Schultz was in his early teens, and soon after, Schultz left school and started working odd jobs. Fast and furious. Mobster's treasure buried in Upstate NY may be worth $100 million However, his actions permanently damaged his relationships with both his own gang members and other associates. Schultz wore his pistol under his vest, tucked inside his pants, right against his belly. In retaliation for invading his territory, Diamond ordered a hit on Noe, who was gunned down outside of the Chateau Madrid on 54th Street in October 1928. Because the medics had no pain relievers, Schultz was given brandy to relieve his suffering. Soon there were many versions of the story, most of which mentioned Phoenicia, and some referenced a map that had supposedly been sketched by Lulu Rosenkranz. As the defense costs to fight his tax case mounted, Schultz had found it necessary to reduce the commission he paid to those running his policy rackets to bolster what he called the "Arthur Flegenheimer Defense Fund." He was enumerated in the 1920 U.S. Census, as 18 year old Arthur Flegenheimer, inmate of the New Hampton Farms Reformatory having been arrested at age 17 for burglary. The numbers racket, the forerunner of "Pick 3" lotteries, required players to choose three numbers, which were then derived from the last number before the decimal in the handle (total amount bet) taken daily at Belmont Park. Dutchpassed away on October 24 1935, at age 34 in Newark. While he was taking a call in a drugstore phone booth, gunmen entered the store and machine-gunned him to death. Schultz Surname Meaning, History & Origin | Select Surnames How Did Dutch Schultz Get Killed? - Death Photos - The NCS In spite of a life of crime this was the only time he was imprisoned. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the US and other countries around the globe. Share your family tree and photos with the people you know and love. However, Luciano planned to break up the gang's rackets and territory among his own associates once Schultz was convicted of tax evasion. The deal that Weinberg wanted was to retain a percentage and keep overall control of the Schultz gang. Skip Ancestry . Berman was reportedly paid $10,000 a week (equivalent to $162,000 in 2021). Martin/Modgilewsky successfully extracted thousands of dollars of tributes and "dues" from the terrorized restaurant owners for Schultz. His parents married in Manhattan on November 10, 1900. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Dutch Schultz (born Arthur Simon Flegenheimer; August 6, 1901 - October 24, 1935) was an American mobster. He worked as a feeder and pressman for the Clark Loose Leaf Company, Caxton Press, American Express, and Schultz Trucking in the Bronx between 1916 and 1919. In the meantime, Jack Legs Diamond had also met his bitter end in 1931, reportedly at the hands of one of Schultzs thugs. Home; Trees; Search; DNA; . Some of the criminals he came into contact with wereorganized crime bosses Lucky Luciano and Legs Diamond. From Newark, N.J., he tried to rebuild his New York rackets but became the target of New York special prosecutor Thomas E. Dewey. You can customize the cemeteries you volunteer for by selecting or deselecting below. Becoming a Find a Grave member is fast, easy and FREE. On the evening of March 2, 1935, Schultz invited Martin to a meeting at the Harmony Hotel in Cohoes, New York. He is a member of famous Actor with the age 34 years old group. [7] His family reportedly paid $35,000 for his release. Use the links under See more to quickly search for other people with the same last name in the same cemetery, city, county, etc. On the night of October 23, 1935, Schultz and four of his associates were shot at a restaurant in Newark, New Jersey. All photos appear on this tab and here you can update the sort order of photos on memorials you manage. He somehow survived the initial attack and made his way to the restaurant table. Arthur Flegenheimer (Dutch Schultz) Arthur "Dutch Schultz" Flegenheimer (1902-1935) was a New York City racketeer known for bootlegging, income tax evasion, and a number of other crimes. Shortly before his death, fearing that he would be incarcerated as a result of Dewey's efforts, Schultz commissioned the construction of a special airtight and waterproof safe into which he placed $7million in cash and bonds (equivalent to $138,000,000 in 2021). Previously sponsored memorials or famous memorials will not have this option. [15] The Murder, Inc. leader Albert Anastasia approached Luciano with information that Schultz had asked him to stake out Dewey's apartment building on Fifth Avenue. After his release, Schultz returned to the streets and his gang of thugs. Make sure that the file is a photo. On October 23, 1935, Schultz and four of his men were gunned down at a restaurant in Newark, New Jersey. Dutch Schultz was born on August 6, 1901 in Bronx, New York, USA as Arthur Simon Flegenheimer. On November 18, 2020, a PBS Secrets of the Dead episode entitled "Gangster's Gold" premiered which detailed the investigation and the hunt for Schultz's lost treasure. Mrs. real namo was, Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States, New York with Counties, Cities, and Towns Project, Historical criminals, thieves and vagabonds, Spartenburg Weekly Herald and Herald-Journal - Oct 25 1935. The other gangsters in the area were forced to buy alcohol from him and he gave a tough time to his competitors. One such meeting became the documentary film Digging for Dutch: The Search for the Lost Treasure of Dutch Schultz.[21]. Tho racketeer's mother. In the 1930s he was targeted by both the IRS and special prosecutor Thomas E. Dewey. Both men were drinking heavily as the argument continued, and Schultz sucker-punched Martin. Schultz wanted to kill Dewey for giving him so many legal problems. This led Flegenheimer to start associating with known criminals. In 1935 he was indicted on Federal Tax charges. In February 1932, Coll was lured into a trap. I thought you might like to see a memorial for Dutch Schultz I found on Findagrave.com. [1] A month after his acquittal, his own chief lieutenant Bo Weinberg was never seen again after he had walked out of a midtown Manhattan nightclub. The historic former home of legendary mobster and bootlegger Dutch Schultz pours bourbon, gin, and rye in the Hudson Valley once more. The gambling racket netted Schultz a multimillion-dollar-a-month tax free income. At 34 years old, Dutch Schultz height Schultz was killed by members of the notorious hit squad "Murder, Inc." in 1935. During these trials, Schultzs defense costs were high, and he reduced the commissions he paid to those running his rackets to bolster what he called the Arthur Flegenheimer Defense Fund. This angered many of his gang members, who held a mass protest meeting and declared a strike of sorts. We encourage you to research and examine these . Learn about how to make the most of a memorial. Mobster Dutch Schultz, shown here in a 1935 mugshot, had a big reputation as a bootlegger and racketeer in the 1920s and 1930s. https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/dutch-schultz-10215.php. Sheldon A. "Dutch" Schultz | Obituaries | citizentribune.com Dutch Schultz was a New York City-area mobster of the 1920s and 1930s who made a fortune in criminal activities. Brother of Helen Ursprung and Joe Flegenheimer, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Schultz. The Last Words of Dutch Schultz and His Hidden Treasure Arthur Simon (Flegenheimer) Schultz (1901 - 1935) - WikiTree [22], Not to be confused with a former professional wrestler who used the ring names, U.S. Census 1910, Borough of the Bronx, Supervisors District 1, Enumerator's district 1597, sheet 2, Petition for citizenship, Emma Flegenheimer, District Court for the Southern District of New York, #236144, Prohibition Operations in Getty Square neighborhood in Yonkers, New York, "Schultz, Dutch The Free Information Society", "Fatal Pistol Battle Brings Night Club Raid", "Jack Diamond shot five times by gunmen in a 64th street hotel", "Schultz Is Freed. This relationship is not possible based on lifespan dates. Giant Sequoia Trees Through a Tiny Lens. It was as simple and undramatic as thatjust one quick motion of the hand. This relationship is not possible based on lifespan dates. In an attempt to avert his conviction, Schultz asked the Commission for permission to kill Dewey, which they refused. Your account has been locked for 30 minutes due to too many failed sign in attempts. Mobster Dutch Schultz & His Hidden Treasure - Legends of America To this day, it's never been recovered. (In Wilson's and Shea's story, Schultz's ramblings are a coded message.) McManus was later cleared of the killing. Weakened by two tax evasion trials led by prosecutor Thomas Dewey, Schultz's rackets were also threatened by fellow mobster Lucky Luciano. Son of Herman Flegenheimer and Emma Flegenheimer Though there is noevidence that either Schultz or Rosenkrantz had ever talked about the safe nor revealed its hidden location, searching for his money became the focus of many of his enemies. His biggest enemies were Legs Diamond and the IRS. To view a photo in more detail or edit captions for photos you added, click the photo to open the photo viewer. Last Words of Dutch Schultz - Babyface nelson journal Background: Dutch Schultz was born Arthur Flegenheimer in 1902, but he was already a career criminal by the age of twenty-five. Father of Anne Davis Flegenheimer and John David Flegenheimer Diamond was killed 1931, by one of the members of the Schultz gang. The New York crime bosses disliked the possible publicity, and on the evening of Oct. 23, 1935, Schultz and three of his bodyguards were bullet-riddled in a Newark restaurant by New York gunmen Charles Workman and Emmanuel Mendy Weiss. [3] (In her 1932 petition for U.S. citizenship, however, she wrote that her husband had died in 1910though it is unclear whether he died before or after the 1910 US Census. Flegenheimer was released on parole on December 8, 1920, and went back to work at Schultz Trucking. Schultz, working through a hulking gangster named Jules Modgilewsky, also known as Julie Martin, made deals with the leaders of Waiters Local 16 and Cafeteria Workers Local 302 to extort money by forcing restaurant owners to join the Metropolitan Restaurant & Cafeteria Owners Association, an employer association that Schultz had founded. You have chosen this person to be their own family member. Her efforts were not entirely in vain, in later years Schultz would develop respect for his religious upbringing. Though he was estimated to be worth $7million when he died, no trace of the money was ever found. Corrections? I wished I knew. Six years later Uncle Charlie received a life sentence for the murder. He donated cash to local businesses, gave toys to sick children, and performed other charitable deeds. Dutch Schultz Biography - Facts, Childhood, Family Life & Achievements [1][17] While Schultz was in the bathroom, two Murder, Inc. hitmen named Charles "The Bug" Workman and Emanuel "Mendy" Weiss entered the establishment. Can museum of can collections from can collectors world wide. The Dutchman, was born Arthur Flegenheimer to a German Jewish family in the Bronx. With the enactment of the Volstead Act and the start of Prohibition in the United States, the shipping company began smuggling liquor and beer into New York City from Canada. Around this time, Schultz continued to grow his illicit enterprises, adding illegal gambling to his portfolio of profitable crimes. Schultz even went as far as kidnapping and torturing a man who refused to buy their booze. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. Working in the slums of the Bronx, he also started his criminal career with petty burglaries and theft, which led to his arrest at the age of 17. He and four of his gang members were shot down at the Palace Chophouse in Newark, New Jersey on 23 October 1935. Whether the tale of hidden treasure is true or not, many people have searched for it in the Catskills over the years. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. Please try again later. In the early 1930s, U.S. Attorney Thomas Dewey had set his sights on convicting Schultz for non-payment of federal taxes. . Oops, some error occurred while uploading your photo(s). But all of his time on trial had affected his business. Schultz was shot on October 23, 1935, while he was at the Palace Chop House restaurant at 12 East Park Street in Newark, New Jersey, with Otto Berman, his accountant; Abe Landau, his new chief lieutenant; and his personal bodyguard, Bernard "Lulu" Rosenkrantz. He was sent to prison for burglary, where he served 17 months. "Dutch" Schultz, 83, transitioned peacefully on Sunday evening 02/20/2022, after a brief illness and was surrounded by his family. Early on, his father abandoned the family as Emma is listed as divorced in the 1910 census. Schultz was permitted interment in the Roman Catholic Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Hawthorne, Westchester County, New York, but at the request of his Orthodox Jewish mother, Schultz's body was draped with a talit, a traditional Jewish prayer shawl. Along with the policy rackets, Schultz began extorting New York restaurant owners and workers. 10 Unsolved Murders Linked To The Mob - The NCS - National Crime Syndicate The Noe-Schultz operation, which had begun to flourish in the Bronx, soon became the only gang able to rival the network of Italian crime syndicates that became the Mafia's Five Families. [1] Bootlegging during Prohibition made Schultz very wealthy.[1]. cemeteries found in Hawthorne, Westchester County, New York, USA will be saved to your photo volunteer list. She is the U.S. Representative for Florida's 23rd congressional district, a member of the Democratic Party and the Chairperson of the Democratic National Committee. Connect to the World Family Tree to find out, wounded, all. His first tax evasion trial, in Syracuse, ended in a hung jury, with many speculating he'd bribed the jurors. He eventually died from his injuries 29 hours after the shooting.[1]. Arthur Simon Flegenheimer (1902 - 1935) - Genealogy - geni family tree A short time later, on October 23, 1935, Schultz, along with Rosenkrantz, Otto Berman, his accountant, and Abe Landau, his chief lieutenant, were having dinner at the Palace Chop House restaurant in Newark, New Jersey. Ch. Unlike other gangsters of the time, he didnt dress flashy, tip lavishly, or purchase expensive homes or cars. The police believed Hanrahan was an enforcer for the Patriarca crime family. This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Schultz research. Soon he expanded into illegal gambling, clashing with rival gangsters Legs Diamond and Vincent Co. Geni World Family Tree NealSchultz Neal Jay Schultz Still, Schultz blamed Dewey for his legal woes and started to plan to get rid of his nemesis. Afterward, the Noe-Schultz gang met little opposition as they expanded. Dutch Schultz's net worth dutch schultz family tree - agencijastratega.com Re: Dutch Schultz's treasure found? A professional with a Master's degree in Social Work from . Kill The Dutchman. [1][13] The mayor of New York, Fiorello La Guardia, was so outraged at the verdict that he issued an order that Schultz should be arrested on sight should he return to the city. He and his bodyguard hid the safe in a secret location in upstate New York, but when the two were murdered, they took to the grave the knowledge of where the treasure was.

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