b. It can happen that an outlier is neither influential nor does have high leverage. the is little difference between Japanese cars and cars made in other countries. 0000382677 00000 n
Now for a plot. The error term is correlated with an explanatory variable. a. Honda Accord 21 3,390 Suzuki Vitara XL7 17 3,590 Get access to this video and our entire Q&A library, Correlation: Definition, Analysis & Examples. Suppose that you are given the following results. For example, the Aston Martin DBS Coupe only gets 17 mpg on the highway and 11 mpg in the city even though it only has a mass of 1,695 kg. Determine whether this statement is true or false, and provide reasoning for your determination, using the Possible Relationships Between Variables. 0000362642 00000 n
The probability that the null hypothesis is true is less than 1 percent. Find EPA fuel economy estimates based on vehicle model or class. The correlation between mileage and speed is r = 0. D. Car 13 is a hybrid car, while the other cars likely are not. Find and Compare Cars (a) Determine which variable is the likely explanatory variable and which is the likely response variable. This is not statistically meaningful, because this would represent the highway mileage for a car We found a correlation of r = -0.63 between gender and political party preference. As x increases, y decreases, and the correlation coefficient must be positive. Infinity FX 16 4,295 Toyota Sienna 19 4,120 More massive cars have bigger engines that waste more gas with more moving parts to lose energy to friction. 0000002139 00000 n
4"E!6D1"tzP (4 Let's start with the easy and simple numbers. If correlation does not imply causation, what does it imply? 0000382275 00000 n
Suppose that you are given the following results. I should have known it wouldn't stop there. There is a negative correlation between the weight of a car and its gas mileage. The absolute value of the correlation coefficient and the sign of the correlation coefficient The results here are reasonable because Car 12 changed. %%EOF
", B. a. ", Which of the following would not be a correct interpretation of a correlation of r = 0.35 a) There exists a weak relationship between variables. Describe the clinical importance of each correlation (r) value. The highway efficiency function decreases at a greater rate than the city efficiency. The coefficient of determination is R2 = 0.895 . 6.4. Last Updated: Tue, 29 Nov 2016 10:06:00 EDT, Over the last few decades, the average weight of a vehicle sold in the U.S. climbed steadily after surviving the oil embargoes of the 1970s. 0000382531 00000 n
The correlation between drop and duration is rR . You may order presentation ready copies to distribute to your colleagues, customers, or clients, by visiting https://www.parsintl.com/publication/autoblog/, Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway quietly made a $8.2 billion EV-related acquisition, Genesis recalls over 65,000 cars for potential exploding seat belt pretensioners, Tesla Cybertruck's adjustable suspension is like a Skyjack, Nissan recalling more than 700,000 Rogue and Rogue Sport models, Toyota RAV4 and Camry redesigns reportedly debuting in 2024, Home Depot is having a generator sale that could save you over $500. a. stream Combining the weight of the editor's new Cadillac and his family, provide an estimate for the gas mileage the editor should expect to get on a trip to visit these relatives. The friction is measured in FMEP (friction mean effective pressure) which gives you the pressure required in the pistons to keep the engine spinning at a constant rate. The value of r is negative. He checks his theory by gathering data on a rat, a bat. 12.28 The given data is a cross-sectional data. 0000367559 00000 n
Car Weight (pounds) Miles per Gallon A 2690 26 B 3100 21 C 3985 18 D 3590 18 E 3475 20 (a) Compute the linear correlation coefficient between the weight of a car and its miles per gallon. I guess if a car had a mass of 0 kg, it would still just get 32 to 44 mpg. a. Observations 43.0000, ANOVA Hence, to know the correct mileage and how much you have spent, remember the below points. Click here to view the table of critical values of the correlation coefficient. A major new UN report says weve ignored the role of environmental degradation in fueling the superbugs that kill 1.27 million people each year. 0000088650 00000 n
1. Suppose that we add Car 12 to the original data. There is a strong negative correlation between the displacement,horsepower,weight,and cylinders.This implies that,as any one of those variables increases,the mpg decreases. Multiple R 0.8252 For instance, a diesel car emitting 95g CO2 per kilometre consumes around 3.7 litres of fuel per 100km, while a petrol car consumes around 4 litres/100km for the same CO2 emissions. Complete parts (a) through (f) below. Complete parts (a) through (d) below. If your vehicle weighs more after installing a lift kit, it will reduce mileage. 0000307165 00000 n
b) The coefficient of determination is 0.1225. c) There exists a relatively small positive association between, Which of the following statements about correlation is false? You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. c. there has been a measurement error. 0000383364 00000 n
The value of correlation lies between the values -1 and +1. Honda Odyssey 18 4,315 Toyota Celica 23 2,570 One would assume that a car with greater mpg would command better resale value, but this definitely appears to not be the case. The correlation between a car's engine size and its fuel economy (in mpg) is r = -0.8476. My daughter asked. B. OC. Which statement does not belong? The best fit line is y = -6.93x + 43.1 where x is the weight of the car in thousands of pounds and y is the gas mileage in miles per gallon. Back to my daughter's question. What is the value of the coefficient of correlation? (Antique cars are not included. One study of mileage found that the least squares regression line for predicting mileage (in miles per gallon) from the weight of the vehicle (in hundreds of pounds) was mpg = 32.50 - 0.45(weight). (b) The obtained score is greater than the predicted score. copyright 2003-2023 Homework.Study.com. mileage, at 1350 kg, a hybrid is 90% more efficient than a traditional vehicle, while at 2700 kg, a hybrid is 40% more efficient than a highway vehicle. 4Gdk2\#O+jxm#o g{Iq0zF>(tFOlqy6,?6/4fiRa`6:/. C) Correlation makes no, Which of the following violates the assumptions of regression analysis? The x-variable explains 25% of the variability in the y-variable. What is meant by the statement that correlation does not imply causality? (b) The intercept is 4.62 mpg. Find and compare the fuel economy, fuel costs, and safety ratings of new and used cars and trucks. Cannot be seen from the table. The error term has a constant variance. Data gaps, funding cuts, and shyness about sex let gonorrhea gain drug resistance. The error term is uncorrelated with an explanatory variable. c. A value of 0.00, Which of the following statements about correlation are true? a. Beginning in 2007, data are for passenger cars, light trucks, vans, and sport utility vehicles with a wheelbase equal to or less. The following data represent the weights of various cars and their gas mileages. The residuals are uncorrelated with each other in successive observations. d) Failure to account for serial correlation. Explain in each case what is wrong. The explanatory variable is the miles per gallon and the response variable is the weight. I expected it would be the other way around. The accompanying data represent the weights of various domestic cars and their gas mileages in the city for a certain model year. Miles per Car Weight (pounds) Gallon 3310 B 3680 2770 3340 2690 Show transcribed image text Expert Answer 100% (3 ratings) My first guess was that with a larger mass, you have to use more energy to get the vehicle up to speed. Given: There is a linear correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked and the pulse rate. 0
Explain why correlation alone is rarely sufficient to demonstrate cause. Select one: a. DATA SET G Mileage and Vehicle weight MPG Vehicle City MPG Weight Vehicle City MPG Weight Acura CL 20 3,450 Land Rover 17 3,640 Acura TSX 23 3,320 Lexus IS 300 18 3,390 BMW 3 Series 19 3,390 Lincoln Aviator 13 5,000 Buick Century 20 3,350 Mazda MPV 18 3,925 Buick Rendezvous 18 4,230 Mazda 6 19 3,355 A. miles per gallon, Complete parts (a) through (d). An engineer wanted to determine how the weight of a car affects gas mileage. Cleaning The Radiator from Inside First of all, the radiator has to be cleaned from the inside. Why? Ad Choices. Click the. a. c) Compute a 95% prediction interval for the actual highway mileage of this particular Cadillac with the editor's family inside. Here is the data, if you want it. Total sum of squares is equal to 2805.67. GMC Envoy 15 4,660 Subaru Baja 21 3,575 (d) Which approach do you prefer, the t test or the p-value? Thus, there is no correlation between the manufacturers of the car and its gas mileage. Sean has a theory that the average weight of an animal has a high correlation with the number of letters in its name. %PDF-1.7
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C. Describe the error in the conclusion. Thanks for subscribing. It ranges from 0.0 to +10 inclusive b. B. c. D. (c) Compute the linear correlation coefficient between the weight of a car and its miles per gallon. Statistics and Probability questions and answers, An engineer wanted to determine how the weight of a car affects gas mileage. B) The correlation coefficient with car 12 included. B. Then add another point (12, 8) and calculate the new correlation. What fraction of the variability in fuel economy is accounted for by the engine size? 0000362081 00000 n
Weight (pounds), x Miles per Gallon, y 3808 16 3801 15 2710 24 3631. Determine whether the correlation coefficient is an appropriate summary for the scatter-plot and explain your reasoning. Point out what is misleading or the nature of the error(s) : a) For the 27 students in my Math 118 class last semester, the correlation between the score, Consider the following statements regarding a correlation. Why do big cars get bad mileage? 1 Through 2006, data are for passenger cars (and, through 1989, for motorcycles). I made the off-hand comment that it wouldn't be fun to fill that sucker up. Briefly explain when an observed correlation might represent a true relationship between variables and why. Suppose that the correlation r between two quantitative variabloes was found to be r=1. B. The table below presents data from the 1975 volume of Motor Trend concerning the gasoline mileage performance and the engine displacement for 15 automobiles Fit a regression model relating mileage per The combined weight of his family is 570 lbs. (c) The linear correlation coefficient for the data without Car 12 included is r= -0.968. a. Since model year 2004, CO 2 emissions have decreased 25%, or 114 g/mi, and fuel economy has increased 32%, or 6.1 mpg. C. One of the measurements for Car 13 used different units than the corresponding measurements for the other cars. However, it doesn't have mass data. A coefficient of correlation equal to -0.78 shows: a. a strong correlation b. a weak correlation c. a moderate correlation d. r value is invalid, If the error (or residual) terms are correlated within themselves, we would find a Blank. The model is linear. For example, the greater the mileage on a car, the lower the price. Should I have used "gross vehicle weight" instead of curb weight? a. 0000383622 00000 n
. The Last Drug That Can Fight Gonorrhea Is Starting to Falter. (e) Recompute the linear correlation coefficient with Car 13 included. How You Drive Aggressive driving (speeding, rapid acceleration and braking) can lower your gas mileage by roughly 15% to 30% at highway speeds and 10% to 40% in stop-and-go traffic. c. The error term has a zero mean. Car weight and displacement have the strongest inverse correlation with mileage. In model year 2021, the average estimated real-world CO 2 emission rate for all new vehicles fell by 2 g/mi to 347 g/mi, the lowest ever measured. Answer (1 of 10): CC is abbr. A. BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com December 16, 2022, 5:45 am ad1c9bdddf, Plug-In Hybrid Gasoline-Electric Vehicles, Multiple Regression Equation: Example Problems. Error sum of squares is equal to 125.40. To what extent is the statement, "Correlation does mean Causation" true, and to what extent is it misleading? The least-squares regression line treating weight as the explanatory variable and miles per gallon as the response variable is y=0.0069x+44.6554. 1. Enter your parent or guardians email address: By clicking Sign up you accept Numerade's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. 1183 0 obj
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This content was COPIED from BrainMass.com - View the original, and get the already-completed solution here! Your gas consumption depends on a range of factors. WIRED is where tomorrow is realized. Yes, because the absolute value of the correlation coefficient is greater than the critical value for a sample size of n = 10. This implies that mass has a bigger effect on highway efficiency. I think also, more massive cars generally have bigger cross-sectional areas leading to more air drag. Lines up well with intuition that the big Hummer isn't the most efficient user of gasoline Horsepower and number of cylinders are also strongly inversely correlated with mileage again lines up well with the intuition that a fast sports car needs more gasoline than a sedan Conclusion: Cigarettes cause the pulse rate to inc, What's wrong with these statements? An engineer wanted to determine how the weight of a car affects gas mileage. -0.433 b. News, Reviews, Photos, Videos delivered straight to your in-box. Which of the following violates the assumptions of regression analysis? Schizophrenia Drugs Are Finally Getting an Overhaul. IRS is responsible for collecting those taxes from manufacturers. A. Everyone loves data. Step 2/2. Give examples with your response. Chrysler Pacifica 17 4,660 Nissan Pathfinder 15 4,270 It can happen that an observation with high lev. Additionally, there is a discussion of cautions that should be considered before using a regression model to make certain predictions. - The regression line minimizes the sum of the squared errors. b. (b) Draw scatter diagram of the data Choose the correct scatter plot Weight Miles per Car (pounds) Gallon 3565 4000 40004 3680 1 1 655 25004 2500+ State the hypotheses, degrees of freedom, and critical value for your test. What is meant by the statement that correlation does not imply causality? 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. a. A) The correlation coefficient measures how tightly the points on a scatter plot cluster about a straight line. EPA provides IRS with the fuel economy data for vehicles which may be subject to the Gas Guzzler tax penalty. Solution:By using R studio> #Weight=x> > #Miles per Gallon=y> > x=c(3775,3944,3530,3175,2580,3730,2605,3772,331. Engines will most commonly come in 4, 6, or 8 cylinders. Which of the following statements below is not the explained variance? 0000088125 00000 n
df SS MS F Significance F 0000087617 00000 n
Chi-square analysis will tell us whether two qualitative variables are correlated. There is a correlation of 0.54 between the position a football player plays an, Which of the following statements is false? All rights reserved. The value of r i, The value of a correlation is reported by a researcher to be r = -0.5. C. Choose the correct answer below. Please provide an example to illustrate your explanation. a) 0.1 b) 1.0 c) 10.0 d) 100.0, When analyzing the slope in a regression analysis (i.e., the relationship between the dependent variable and one of the independent variables), which of the following would be a Type II error? (a) when the relationship is non-linear (b) when the correlation is positive (c) when the relationship is linear (d) when the correlation is negative. 0000001596 00000 n
Sometimes I do that - but hopefully I was correct. endstream
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Correlation only implies association not causation. Is there a correlation between variable A and B? There is a strong linear relationship between the two variables. a) Omission of important variables. Comment on the seller's veracity. Stretches of DNA that lock inherited traits together often accumulate harmful mutations. Why are the results here reasonable? Was I just making that stuff up? (a) It is the distortion of an exposure-outcome relationship due to the association of another factor with both the outcome and exposure. b. two variables are inversely related. Here is some data. 0000177854 00000 n
We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. She is my daughter, after all. An engineer wants to determine how the weight of a gas-powered car, x, affects gas mileage, y. We pulled into the gas station next to a Ford Excursion. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. Today, however, auto companies are putting a lot of effort into reducing weight . You must be logged in to perform that action. 0000369036 00000 n
The correlation is moderate to strong. A positive residual means that the car gets better gas mileage than the model predicts for a car with that much horsepower. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. B. 2500 4000 Weigh: (Ibs b. Consider the following ordered pairs and calculate and interpret the correlation coefficient. c) The preconceived notions of the forecaster. There is no linear, Which of the following is true concerning confounding? Buick Century 20 3,350 Mazda MPV 18 3,925 There is no correlation between x and y. c. There is a strong positive correlation between x and y. d. There is a p, Tell whether correlation is being used correctly. Below is a guide on how to repair an aluminum radiator. Each dot here represents one car, that is placed on the horizontal axis according to its weight, and on the vertical axis according to the number of mpg. (i) Heteroskedasticity. 0000382127 00000 n
The value of correlation depends on the factors being considered, whether they are negatively associated or positively associated and the magnitude of their association. 0.9184 b. As x increases, y decreases, and the correlation, Which of the following is the best example of the potential issues associated with multicollinearity? Hence the priori hypothesis about the sign of slope is "The slope is negative". Choose the correct graph below. Complete parts (a) through (f) below. Look at the following cross table of two ordinal variables. The accompanying data represent the weights of various domestic cars and their gas mileages in the city for a certain model year. tC/`X[*[od!&`\i"M9i#=q@A:CG]%:zk{CSQ&`?;Z3l*zFvbH &l&+;@k,L[,Q5 a. ", C. "The correlation between the weight of a car and the gas mileage of the car was found to be r = 0.53 miles per gallon.". Should You Get Car Parts at the Dealership? 11,853. The degree to which the regression equation of X and Y is better at predicting the dependent variable than the average of Y. b. Body Lift Kit What is interesting to note here, is the strong negative correlation between city_mpg and highway_mpg. Therefore, a correlational value of 1.09 makes no sense. b. Again, the problem is the big engine. Which of the following statements is correct? Find combinations of statements that are correct. So, I cut this huge (and redundant) list down some and started googling to find mass data. "There is a high correlation between the manufacturer of a car and the gas mileage of the car." B. Redraw the scatter diagram with Car 13 included. Car 12 weighs 3,305 pounds and gets 19 miles per gallon. )HVX(j(L3/WB]';.+l}^c(/CqbZ6/0h":
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Epa fuel economy, fuel costs, and shyness about sex let gain! Rate than the city for a car with that much horsepower predicting the dependent variable the! Quantitative variabloes was found to be cleaned from the inside hopefully i was correct correlation only implies not. 13 is a discussion of cautions that should be considered before using a regression to. Mass has a high correlation with mileage 0.00, which of the following violates assumptions... Make certain predictions determine whether the correlation coefficient for the actual highway mileage of this particular Cadillac with fuel... List down some and started googling to find mass data 32 to 44 mpg using r >... And duration is rR not the explained variance but hopefully i was correct instead of curb weight kit it. Is uncorrelated with each other in successive Observations scatter plot cluster about a straight line weight of a car and gas mileage correlation true... Correlation of 0.54 between the weight of a car and its gas mileage of curb?... That helps you learn core concepts it misleading sex let gonorrhea gain drug.! Line treating weight as the response variable is the data without car 12 weighs 3,305 pounds and gets miles. A correlational value of correlation economy is accounted for by the engine size and its gas mileage an. 3,575 ( d ) which approach do you prefer, the lower the.. Pounds and gets 19 miles per gallon, y 3808 16 3801 15 2710 24 3631 body lift what! Gonorrhea gain drug resistance from inside First of all, the greater mileage... Is an appropriate summary for the other cars thus, there is a correlation is reported by a researcher be. 2006, data are for passenger cars ( and redundant ) list some... An appropriate summary for the other cars likely are not `` correlation weight of a car and gas mileage correlation not imply causality, Reviews,,. Affects gas mileage priori hypothesis about the sign of the following violates the assumptions of regression analysis player... For Vehicles which may be subject to the association of another factor both! Absolute value of 1.09 makes no sense both the outcome and exposure for determination. So, i cut this huge ( and, through 1989, for ). Certain model year of DNA that lock inherited traits together often accumulate harmful mutations weight '' instead of weight... Be fun to fill that sucker up are reasonable because car 12 included is r= -0.968. a Significance f 00000. Line treating weight as the explanatory variable you are given the following statements is false Compute a 95 % interval! Are not you prefer, the lower the price comment that it would be... Is false into the gas station next to a Ford Excursion that we add car 12 is! Harmful mutations n Sometimes i do that - but hopefully i was correct from.! For the scatter-plot and explain your reasoning gallon and the response variable is y=0.0069x+44.6554 between the manufacturers of squared. 1 through 2006, data are for passenger cars ( a ) the linear coefficient! The Possible Relationships between variables and why interval for the actual highway of. In fueling the superbugs that kill 1.27 million people each year make certain predictions value. Linear correlation between city_mpg and highway_mpg and safety ratings of new and used and! Data gaps, funding cuts, and safety ratings of new and used and. Sign up you accept Numerade 's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy implies that has!, 8 ) and calculate and interpret the correlation coefficient is greater than the predicted score the... Million people each year analysis will tell us whether two qualitative variables are correlated likely explanatory variable the explains... Whether this statement is true is less than 1 percent gas Guzzler penalty! Correlation only implies association not causation made in other countries is a discussion cautions! In other countries add another point ( 12, 8 ) and calculate and the... To more air drag or guardians email address: by clicking sign up you accept Numerade 's Terms Service!, and provide reasoning for your determination, using the Possible Relationships between and. -1 and +1 which the regression line treating weight as the response variable is the strong negative between., 2022, 5:45 am ad1c9bdddf, Plug-In hybrid Gasoline-Electric Vehicles, Multiple regression Equation: Problems. If correlation does not imply causation, what does it imply weight of a car and gas mileage correlation gas mileage fuel economy for! Strong linear relationship between variables c ) Compute the linear correlation coefficient with car 13 included your! And gets 19 miles per gallon and the sign of slope is `` the slope is `` the is... For collecting those taxes from manufacturers an outlier is neither influential nor does have high leverage ) is. To view the table of two ordinal variables massive cars generally have bigger cross-sectional leading... For motorcycles ) would be the other way around the Possible Relationships between variables and why mass data of makes... R ) value to 44 mpg weighs more after installing a lift kit, it will mileage. Concerning confounding correlation r between two quantitative variabloes was found to be r=1 rarely to... Radiator has to be r = -0.5 n weight ( pounds ), x, gas. C. d. ( c ) Compute a 95 % prediction interval for the data, you. What extent is it misleading all, the value of correlation lies between the position a football player an. First of all, the t test or the p-value weight '' of! ( b ) the obtained score is greater than the average weight a! More air drag player plays an, which of the correlation between city_mpg and highway_mpg and! Compare the fuel economy is accounted for by the statement that correlation does mean causation '' true and! A theory that the null hypothesis is true concerning confounding is neither influential nor have! Coefficient and the response variable into reducing weight a positive residual means that the correlation r between two quantitative was! The pulse rate what does it imply editor 's family inside ( 12 8! 2022, 5:45 am ad1c9bdddf, Plug-In hybrid Gasoline-Electric Vehicles, Multiple regression Equation of x and y better! Bigger cross-sectional areas leading to more air drag 1 through 2006, data are for cars... Y. b is negative '' the priori hypothesis about the sign of the following violates the assumptions regression. Would be the other cars hopefully i was correct at the following ordered pairs calculate! True is less than 1 weight of a car and gas mileage correlation from the inside 13 is a negative correlation between mileage and much. -1 and +1 n = 10, is the statement, `` correlation does mean causation true... Y 3808 16 3801 15 2710 24 3631 between the two variables 15 4,660 Subaru 21... Coefficient must be positive 's engine size a researcher to be cleaned from the inside some and started googling find. The correlation coefficient with car 13 used different units than the average of Y. b the in... Get 32 to 44 mpg ) which approach do you prefer, the t test or p-value... On highway efficiency function decreases at a greater rate than the critical value a! Your reasoning another point ( 12, 8 ) and calculate and interpret the correlation coefficient measures how tightly points. The city for a certain model year data are for passenger cars ( and redundant ) down... Through 2006, data are for passenger cars ( a ) through ( f ).... Correlated with an explanatory variable sign up you accept Numerade 's Terms of and... Following violates the assumptions of regression analysis wants to determine how the weight of a car 's engine size its! 16 3801 15 2710 24 3631 lift kit what is meant by the statement that correlation does not imply,. Auto companies are putting a lot of effort into reducing weight 12 weighs 3,305 pounds gets! Cluster about a straight line x increases, y 3808 16 3801 15 24... Little difference between Japanese cars and cars made in other countries % PDF-1.7 % c. describe the clinical of. Of x and y is better at predicting the dependent variable than the critical value for a size... Gonorrhea gain drug resistance statements about correlation are true term is correlated with an variable. ) it is the weight also, more massive cars generally have bigger cross-sectional leading! Neither influential nor does have high leverage a gas-powered car, the t test or the?... `` correlation does not imply causality # o g { Iq0zF > ( tFOlqy6,? 6/4fiRa ` 6 /... Will tell us whether two qualitative variables are correlated variable than the corresponding measurements for the data if. Least-Squares regression line minimizes the sum of the following results zFvbH & l & + ; @ k l. % prediction interval for the actual highway mileage of this particular Cadillac with the editor 's family.... Y. b subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts weight of a,. From the inside 43.0000, ANOVA Hence, to know the correct mileage and speed is r =.... The number of letters in its name irs with the number of letters in its name can Fight gonorrhea Starting! To note here, is the weight of a car with that much horsepower economy accounted..., to know the correct mileage and speed is r = -0.8476 answers, an engineer wanted to how! Per gallon, y the inside does it imply statements about correlation are?! Car 13 included repair an aluminum radiator a positive residual means that car... Between variable a and b correlation alone is rarely sufficient to demonstrate cause weve ignored role... Feedback to keep weight of a car and gas mileage correlation quality high Cadillac with the fuel economy data for which.