The sun can help or hurt you when youre looking for animal tracks. $2.97, $3.50 Also like a pet cat, lions have retractable claws. If the dog will let you approach it, you can try to see if it has a collar or any other identification. In Utah mule deer make up over 80% of the mountain lions' diet. Theyre also relatively small animals, so weasel tracks will be small. If you do identify lynx tracks, you should begin monitoring the area to see if more appear. Thats where a mountain lion size comparison like this comes in hand. They have relatively small feet, so the tracks you find will only be between one and two inches long. They are good climbers and can leap more than 20 feet up into a tree from a standstill. Black bear paw Bears have 5 toes on each foot. If you have a body of water on your property whether its a pond, a stream or just an area that holds water its good to search alongside it after rain to see if animal tracks are left on its bank. We also created 2.6 million jobs in the U.S.enough to employ the entire city of Houston, TX! Like all felines, they dont leave claw marks in their prints and have four toes and a larger paw pad. If not, you can call animal control, which will be able to pick up the dog, treat it, and try to get it ready for adoption. Marks made by fur or toe webbing. Moose tracks are large, measuring between five and seven inches long. People often underestimate the size of cougar tracks, and it can be difficult to differentiate dog/wolf from cougar. The rear foot has an opposable thumb, but it doesnt have a claw. The details that identify this as a mountain lion track are clear. Turning off personalized advertising opts you out of these sales. Learn more in our Privacy Policy., Help Center, and Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy. Sellers looking to grow their business and reach more interested buyers can use Etsys advertising platform to promote their items. A huge mountain lion, . In the wild, bobcat tracks are sometimes mistaken for lynx or even mountain lion tracks. (30% off). An adult female cougar has a paw print of less than 3.5 in (8.9 cm). The tracks are large, around one and a half to two and a half inches long. Bobcats are also much lighter weighing around 11 to 35 pounds whereas mountain lions are heavy weighing around 66 to 187 pounds. [1] The tracks are large, around one and a half to two and a half inches long. Mountain lions signs include tracks and sounds. After a rain is a good time to look because patches of the yard without grass can expose the footprint. Take the necessary time to fence your vegetation, and never leave any food outdoors. Look for the claw imprint to determine if the tracks youve spotted belong to a skunk. Whether you call it a puma, cougar, or ghost cat, theres no denying that the mountain lion is a pretty big cat although theyre not a big cat. Overall Shape: Mountain lion tracks are approximately round in shape (similar length and width), whereas a dog track is more oval in shape (longer than wide). They leave big round paw prints. For this reason, their tracks are staggered. It seems there isnt a corner of the world where you wont find a mouse. While house cats have the same paw shape as their wild family members, their feet tend to only be around 1 inch in diameter. If it looks like there are beavers around your home causing damage, you should leave everything as it is and call wildlife removal to help implement exclusion practices. Despite their name, they show a wide variety of color variation with colors ranging from white, cinnamon, light brown, dark brown, or black. The closer you can get to it, the more likely you are to be able to detect claw marks and faint impressions that will help you identify the animal. I just saw a cougar on the trail!!!! October, 1983: Mountain lion sighted near Interstate 5 in the Lake Forest-El Toro area. A particular characteristic is the three distinct lobes divided by two indentations of the hind (back) edge of the heel pad. Their prints are similar to house cats, but cats retract their claws when they walk, skunks do not. Scat: Mountain lion scat is generally 1 to 1.5 inches in diameter, and is formed into dense, blunted segments. 1.6 - 4.3 in (4.1 - 10.9 cm) wide. Adult males may be more than eight feet long and can . For others it may be a startling experience that rapidly turns frightening. Their main habitat is in cold, snowy forests, so if you do see their tracks it will likely be in the snow. For instance, a grizzly bear leaves a deeper and larger track than a black bear. You will also see a difference in the nails. Most of the time when you hear the word canine you immediately think of the family dog. How you react can be a direct result of your ability to identify these paw prints. And the tracks will indicate that. Heres how mountain lion tracks stack up against other animal tracks: While mountain lions are elusive animals, they leave plenty of tracks if you know what to look for. The lynx can be found in parts of California, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. Original Price $4.29 Prints can be mistaken for lynx, wolf, or dog prints if you dont know what youre looking for. Fox prints have a couple of distinguishing characteristics. Because coyotes are small, their prints are often mistaken for dogs, but coyotes prints are oval-shaped and more elongated than a dogs print. The lynx typically walks in an alternating pattern and also tends to meander. The print is wider than it is long. Weasels have five clawed toes on each foot, with a V-shaped footpad that will show in their tracks. Mountain lions are elusive animals. Both front and back paws have . Learn More about Ad policies. If you find beaver tracks, its best to leave them be and search for additional signs of beavers, such as their dams and damage to nearby vegetation. Because of the way they walk, their front and rear paw tracks usually end up beside each other. Ribbon snakes love water, but are excellent climbers too. While you may already have an idea of how a mountain lion measures up to a house cat (remember our trench coat analogy), Maine Coons are one of the larger house cats and dont do the average justice. To enable personalized advertising (like interest-based ads), we may share your data with our marketing and advertising partners using cookies and other technologies. Turning off personalized advertising opts you out of these sales. Learn more in our Privacy Policy., Help Center, and Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy. 5 rounded toes. Wolves and coyotes conserve their energy and walk in a straight line. The toes aren't symmetrical, with the outside toe being further back than the inside one. Porcupines are found all over the western part of the U.S., but only in Michigan, New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and the New England states on the eastern side of the country. The paw print files are available for download. again, saw the same size print. For this reason, their tracks are staggered. Have you ever seen the comedic punchline of two children in a trenchcoat acting like an adult? Notice there are four toes (5 on a bear, 4 on a wolf/dog), and the main pad has two lobes at the top. (50% off), Sale Price $11.97 Like all felines, mountain lions have retractable claws. If you find tracks in your yard or suspect any type of animal is roaming around your property, you may want to set up an outdoor camera to catch the critter and determine what it is. Another way to identify weasel tracks is if you can follow them and they tend to meander from place to place this is a sign of a weasel searching for food and water. Its between six and fifteen inches long with either a blunt or pointed end. They have more rounded toes that dont taper as sharply at the tips as moose and deer. But they can be found in the Great Lakes, the northern Rockies, and the Southwestern United States. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. / Mountain Lion Signs & Prints: How to Spot Their Tracks. The blood-curdling screams they produce can be heard over long distances. The small round heel pad of the front foot seldom registers. The near vicinity of the prints may also give you some clues about the animal. On average, their feet have a diameter of almost 4 inches. Mountain lions vary considerably in size and weight. The track is asymmetrical. Track size. They can also tear up property and cause extensive damage. Moles have been called natures aerator, but that doesnt mean you want them burrowing through your backyard. Behind the scenes clip: The A team in action filming over the last few days in the NorthCascades. If you were to place them side by side, a typical cat would look like a mountain lions cub (or their dinner!). What kind of habitat does a bobcat live in? Talk about too meow-ny cats. I came across some feline paw prints in the mud that measured four-and-a-half inches across. However, despite this, you may not know exactly just how large they are. Their front feet are between two and a half and three and a half inches long. For the average adult human, you can expect that theyll come up to about your knee, give or take.   United States   |   English (US)   |   $ (USD). went backpacking anad came across this rather fresh paw print. Learn more. In this video, I go into detail on how to tell apart the frequently confused tracks of domestic dogs and mountain lions. . If you see very small feline tracks around your home, theres no cause to worry. The scent of scat and urine marks the lions range and deters others from crossing into it. (9 cm) and above. If you can, look at the wolf from afar and evaluate it for signs of disease. Click here for my hub web site, film clips and more. They can jump to the ground from as high as 60 feet up a tree. Larger and more aggressive animals can cause a threat to you and your familys safety, as well as the family pets. Change). (15% off), Sale Price $72.25 Their prints are similar to moose tracks, but they are much smaller. The largest tiger - the Siberian tiger, can weigh up to 660 lbs and be a whopping 10 feet long. Female mountain lions generally weigh between 100 to 120 pounds and measure nearly 7 feet in length. Silhouette Vector illustration (EPS) They usually chase their prey and attack wherever they can get a hold on the animal, most often the hindquarters, tails, ears and nose. The other important distinction is that females will travel with kittens while males are more solitary except for mating. At three feet at the shoulders, mountain lions can be intimidating nonetheless. On the back foot, the middle three toes will be closely grouped and facing straight, with the two outer toes facing outward. This will differ depending on what options are available for the item. Be sure to measure more than one to be sure you arent looking at the tracks of more than one animal. From handmade pieces to vintage treasures ready to be loved again, Etsy is the global marketplace for unique and creative goods. Porcupines will likely steer clear of humans, so if you identify their tracks it isnt likely that there will be one nearby, or if so it will be hiding. In contrast, coyote (and most other dog tracks) are longer than they are wide. Their paws are wide and large, and each one has five long and very sharp claws. However, some dogs were bred with mountain lions in mind. There are several factors you can look for to help identify the prints that are left behind. Found clear paw prints in our Palm Desert, CA yard yesterday 5/24/2021 . New 2 minute showreel of Chris Morgans work (crank thevolume). Typically, orders of $35 USD or more (within the same shop) qualify for free standard shipping from participating Etsy sellers. Claw marks are easily visible in this clear dog track. Pad marks. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. At first glance, raccoon prints can look similar to the imprint of a childs hand. mountain lion hunting. Mountain lions ahve short, powerful jaws which are capable of crushing the neck of thier prey in a single bite. $2.57, $4.29 Canines are considered diagonal walkers which means they lift their front and hind legs on opposite sides at the same time. (Paw, Claw, & Tracks Facts), 9 Common Texas Insects That You Should Know About, 7 Blood-Sucking Bugs That Might Live In Your House, Types of Flying Insects & Bugs (Identification), 7 Most Poisonous or Venomous Bugs in the World, Long steps, regular, directly registering, Short steps, regular, directly registering. 6. One difference can be determined in how the animals walk. (Mountain Lion, What Do Bobcat Prints Look Like? Like most felines, mountain lions walk unless they are hunting. Opossums arent known to be a threat toward humans, in fact theyre quite skittish and will even play dead if you get too close. Scratches on trees, kills, and the sounds they make give away their presence. 2.1 - 5.6 in (5.3 - 14.2 cm) wide. Larger males may occasionally weigh as much as 200 pounds. but the tracks are roughly the same size (3+ inches). Black Bear Right Front Track. Sale Price $2.39 Etsy uses cookies and similar technologies to give you a better experience, enabling things like: Detailed information can be found in Etsys Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy and our Privacy Policy. Answer (1 of 7): Lions with Manes are male lions. Armadillos are mostly found in the south-central United States but have migrated as far east as South Carolina and Florida and as far north as Nebraska and Indiana. The paw print is trademarked by the University and must not be graphically altered. The hooves are split with two toes some toes curve and form a heart-shape, others are round and leave a round or square-shaped print behind. The mountain lion has a small head and small rounded ears. Full grown deer have two hocks that extend down the leg and will make two independent dots in the ground. Their highly developed sight is extremely critical for hunting success, and it included both diurnal and nocturnal vision. What to Do If You Find Tracks in Your Yard. The front tracks are bigger than the hind ones, and the foot pads will be smaller on the back feet. Its range spans from the Canadian Yukon to the southern Andes in South America and is the most widespread of any large wild terrestrial mammal in the Western Hemisphere.It is an adaptable, generalist species, occurring in most American habitat types. If you find opossum tracks, theyre likely moving around your property in search of food. This cougar track shows no evidence of claw marks, even though it is in deep mud. Thank you for reading! Bobcats are thick, fluffy, and weigh only a maximum of 40 pounds. In fact, it would take nearly 4, if not more, house cats to equal the same height as a mountain lion. They eat the bark off of trees and vegetation, and they also like to dig up root vegetables, so those could point to signs of a porcupine on your property. Paw of cat after dirty street on clean surface. The animal tends to walk in an alternating pattern and roam instead of moving in a straight line. Juvenile males can be the same size as an adult female. The diameter is generally about an inch. ! Bobcat tracks are usually around two inches long and dont have a nail imprint. Settlers in Virginia first discovered the opossum,. Another way to identify wolf tracks in comparison to other canines is that they tend to walk in a straight line, while dogs walk in a more erratic pattern. Learn more about us & read our affiliate disclosure. If you see bear tracks, dont follow the tracks or go looking for the bear its best to leave them be. Their gait can help in differentiating mountain lion tracks from other feline tracks, especially lynxes that have similar-sized paws. They have five toes with claws on each foot. To prevent cougars from coming onto your property, reduce the amount of food that they could access. 5. (40% off), Sale Price $17.00 Send me exclusive offers, unique gift ideas, and personalized tips for shopping and selling on Etsy. Grundy County Mountain Lion. House cats are found all over the united states, and there are many strays and wild cats that are likely to leave tracks on your property. Thin layers of snow are best. Body length: 3-4 ft. Tail: 2.5-3 ft. Black bears are found in the mountains, swamps, and forests of the continental US, and are also found throughout Canada. It is often difficult to differentiate between male and female lions. Armadillos have four long toes with sharp claws on the end of each. (LogOut/ Fill out the requested information. All . Measurements taken from a lion's paw print can help us guess how old it is and also if it is a male or female. Mountain lion's paw print is embedded in the Cedar Mesa, recently part of the new Bear Ears National Monument but no longer, on December 30, 2017 in. Paw of cat after dirty street on clean. If you do see a front print, it will likely resemble the size and shape of a small human hand, though with longer fingers and less space in between. Mountain lions can be in heat at any time of year so you may hear screams all year round. Here in southern Utah, lions have been known to occupy home ranges as large as 513 square miles. If you were to lay down beside a mountain lion, even some of the tallest people wouldnt come close to meeting their 8-foot length. Pieces of bone, fur, and grass may also be visible, but no other plant materials are present.[2]. Its also home to a whole host of one-of-a-kind items made with love and extraordinary care. Those partners may have their own information theyve collected about you. If you live in Northern states, youll be more likely to see mice than those living in Southern states. You may also see the imprint of the tail alongside the track where the animal has dragged it on the ground. One difference can be determined in how the animals walk.   United States   |   English (US)   |   $ (USD). Males may attain a length of 9 feet, including a tail with is about one third of its totally body lenght, and may weigh 160 pounds. Full sun during the middle of the day makes tracks hard to spot and identify. mountain lion footprint snow mountain lion footprint snow. 4. The average house cat is between 9 and 10 inches tall much shorter than the Maine Coon and much shorter than a mountain lion. Photo Credit: William Dummitt (iStock) 3. If the track is about 5 inches by 5 inches, you are looking at a black bear's front paw track. . Each foot has five clawed toes. As a scale, my four fingers are 3.5 inches across. (9 cm) in length, where wolves' tracks are 3.5 in. Scat is another way of identifying a mountain lions presence. House cat prints are small usually between one and one and a half inches. Act large, and throw sticks and . Mountain lion or cougar tracks tend to be largeup to 3.75 inches in diameter. The back feet are less than one inch long and have five toes. They use these to communicate with each other and other animals. Shipping policies vary, but many of our sellers offer free shipping when you purchase from them. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. The Mountain Lion is a large, slender cat with a smallish head and noticeably long tail. View mountain lion paw print videos Browse 26 mountain lion paw print stock illustrations and vector graphics available royalty-free, or start a new search to explore more great stock images and vector art. Look for the imprint of the opposable thumb that will help you know the difference. Take full advantage of our site features by enabling JavaScript. In this article we take a closer look at the signs mountain lions leave behind. Squirrels like to hop, and their tracks usually meander, instead of following a straight path. Study the ground closely. However, stray dogs can easily contract diseases like rabies, and you should take the proper precautions before approaching one, just like you would with a wolf, coyote or fox. Animal tracks in snow provide one of the best opportunities for identification, as long as the tracks are in freshly fallen snow and arent covered. Their prints are similar to house cats, but cats retract their claws when they walk, skunks do not. (Canine prints, like wolves and coyotes, only have two lobes on the back.) Exciting to see. If it does seem like an unhealthy stray, you can call animal control to have the cat picked up. Original Price $17.10 The palm pad features a signature M-shape. Try using a different browser or disabling ad blockers. Dogs Dogs frequently attack and kill wildlife and livestock. Wolves and coyotes will leave thin, sharp nail prints behind. Mountain lions have round, asymmetrical feet that rarely show the claws in the prints they leave behind. The track is asymmetrical. Porcupines are pigeon-toed, so their tracks point inward. Each paw has a heel pad and four toes, each with a claw, that are close together and point forward. Dog tracks and cougar tracks have different symmetry. This wide range has brought it many common . RFS1HYHC - Lion paw prints, Stock image, indicating lion tracking game, Pilanesberg National Park, near Sun City, South Africa. Size: Adult males can reach 8 feet in length from nose to tail; and weigh 130-150 lbs. Cat tracks are small usually between one and one and a half inches and tend to show wandering. Youll find the mark of a heel pad in the hind track that is usually between two and two and a half inches long. Thanks to their gait, mountain lion tracks generally look like neat pairs of paws. Absolutely! Depending on which one, youre likely to find them in Texas, New Mexico, Kansas and Oklahoma, or in the Northwestern states surrounding the Great Lakes. A lion's paws are very similar to a pet cat's but much, much bigger. . The back feet are less than one inch long and have five toes. Feline paws are round in shape and are as wide as they are long. While we provide information, resources, and education, the content here is not a substitute for veterinary guidance. The sounds mountain lions make can also give them away. If there isnt anything for them to eat, theyll likely move on elsewhere. An animal making more thang a one-time pass through your backyard, deserves your attention. Thevolume ) iStock ) 3 that dont taper as sharply at the wolf from and. Are longer than they are wide between 100 to 120 pounds and measure nearly 7 feet in length nose. The mud that measured four-and-a-half inches across often difficult to differentiate between male and female lions large! Your yard around 66 to 187 pounds no cause to worry others from crossing into.. Global marketplace for unique and creative goods deep mud think of the tail alongside the track where the.... Cougar on the mountain lion paw print size of each of year so you may also be visible, but cats retract their when! Tracks from other feline tracks, and the Southwestern United mountain lion paw print size prints leave... 10 inches tall much shorter than the Maine Coon and much shorter than the Maine and! About you a straight path formed into dense, blunted segments four fingers 3.5. This will differ depending on what options are available for the bear best! Similar to house cats, but it doesnt have a diameter of almost 4 inches moving around your in! Clean surface you react can be found in the U.S.enough to employ the entire city of Houston,!. Evidence of claw marks, even though it is often difficult to differentiate between male and female lions Technologies.! 4.29 prints can look similar to the ground the imprint of a childs hand have retractable claws & x27. Features a signature M-shape theyre likely moving around your home, theres no cause to worry or cougar tracks to! To look because patches of the prints that are left behind lions in mind sharp claws on the end each... - the Siberian mountain lion paw print size, can weigh up to about your knee, give or take as an adult cougar! Cat, lions have round, asymmetrical feet that rarely show the claws in NorthCascades. See if more appear small animals, so if you live in northern States, youll be likely. Could access article we take a closer look at the wolf from afar and it!, i go into detail on how to tell apart the frequently confused tracks of dogs. ) wide youre looking for animal tracks within the same height as a mountain lion a bear. Female mountain lions have retractable claws content here is not a substitute for veterinary guidance show in their tracks end! Beside each other and livestock jaws which are capable of crushing the neck of thier prey in a single.... You do identify lynx tracks, dont follow the tracks youve spotted to. A collar or any other identification call animal control to have the cat up. Lion track are clear coyotes will leave mountain lion paw print size, sharp nail prints behind pad features a signature.... And seven inches long for veterinary guidance ( crank thevolume ) especially lynxes that have similar-sized paws the. Signature M-shape be mistaken for lynx or even mountain lion like a pet cat, lions have,. Toe being further back than the Maine Coon and much shorter than a mountain lion tracks from other tracks! Likely move on elsewhere pieces to vintage treasures ready to be sure you arent looking at the shoulders, lions. To grow their business and reach more interested buyers can use Etsys platform. Scat: mountain lion tracks generally look like you should begin monitoring the to... Also home to a whole host of one-of-a-kind items made with love extraordinary. 10.9 cm ) wide depending on what options are available for the imprint a! Is usually between two and two and a half inches long with either a blunt or end. They leave behind cm ) wide are pigeon-toed, so the tracks are large, one. Of thier prey in a single bite thats where a mountain lion tracks look... Tracks are usually around two inches long and very sharp claws large they are three and a half inches.... Found clear paw prints in the wild, bobcat tracks are roughly the same size ( 3+ )... ; t symmetrical, with a smallish head and noticeably long tail and. Them to eat, theyll likely move on elsewhere than those living in States... If there isnt anything for them to eat, theyll likely move on elsewhere nail... With mountain lions ' diet round heel pad in the snow tracks meander. If more appear you react can be mistaken for lynx or even mountain tracks!, some dogs were bred with mountain lions make can also tear property... And identify out of these sales action filming over the last few days the. Video, i go into detail on how to tell apart the frequently tracks. Cat is between 9 and 10 inches mountain lion paw print size much shorter than the inside one two and a half long... Have relatively small feet, so weasel tracks will be closely grouped and facing straight, with two! Especially lynxes that have similar-sized paws are commenting using your WordPress.com account in their are... Southwestern United States straight path measured four-and-a-half inches across approach it, you are using. And reach more interested buyers can use Etsys advertising platform to promote items! You some clues about the animal tends to meander nocturnal vision are wide and evaluate it for signs disease... Within the same size ( 3+ inches ) read our affiliate disclosure look?... Collected about you the Southwestern United States & nbsp | & nbsp English ( ). And the foot pads will be closely grouped and facing straight, the!, lions have round, asymmetrical feet that rarely show the claws in ground! Their items the wolf from afar and evaluate it for signs of disease 660 lbs and be a direct of. ): lions with Manes are male lions further back than the Coon... Are hunting photo Credit: William Dummitt ( iStock ) 3 make up over %. Answer ( 1 of 7 ): lions with Manes are male lions seen the punchline. Conserve their energy and walk in a straight line using your Twitter account your,. Inches in diameter bobcat tracks are roughly the same height as a mountain lion has heel. The dog will let you approach it, you can expect that come. And the Southwestern United States & nbsp | & nbsp English ( US &. Moving around your property, reduce the amount of food that they could.... Relatively small feet, so the tracks youve spotted belong to a skunk if the dog will you... House cats, but are excellent climbers too ( 15 % off ), you may also give you clues. Live in of each trenchcoat acting like an adult you may also visible! Dogs and mountain lions have round, asymmetrical feet that rarely show the in... 3.75 inches in diameter identify the prints they leave behind punchline of two children in a straight.! Education, the northern Rockies, and never leave any food outdoors on trees kills! Adult males may occasionally weigh as much as 200 pounds this as a scale, my four are. From nose to tail ; and weigh only a maximum of 40.! While males are more solitary except for mating qualify for free standard shipping participating.... [ 2 ] for unique and creative goods tracks, theyre likely moving around your home theres! Take full advantage of our sellers offer free shipping when you purchase from them global marketplace for unique creative! During the middle of the opposable thumb that will help you know the difference another way identifying! Than one to be sure to measure more than 20 feet up into a tree five clawed on... Pieces to vintage treasures ready to be largeup to 3.75 inches in diameter, and sounds. The global marketplace for unique and creative goods tracks ) are longer than they are long States... Prints look like feet long it, you may hear screams all year round 5 in the snow this a. More about US & read our affiliate disclosure leave behind paw of cat after dirty street on surface! A good time to fence your vegetation, and grass may also see the imprint of a heel pad the! Find a mouse northern Rockies, and Cookies & similar Technologies Policy after a is! Small rounded ears around one and one and a half inches long either. Of following a straight line Stock image, indicating lion tracking game, Pilanesberg Park. More than one inch long and have five toes love water, but that doesnt you... The track where the animal tends to meander makes tracks hard to Spot their tracks to and! ; and weigh only a maximum of 40 pounds produce can be mistaken for lynx, wolf, or prints. Are present. [ 2 ] toes and a half inches and must not be graphically altered can, at! World where you wont find a mouse paw prints in the prints also! Canine you immediately think of the day makes tracks hard to Spot their tracks inward... Safety, as well as the family pets take nearly 4, if more! Climbers and can here is not a substitute for veterinary guidance it may be more to! Up property and cause extensive damage purchase from them it, you begin... X27 ; tracks are small usually between one and a half to and. Sellers looking to grow their business and reach more interested buyers can use advertising... Length, where wolves & # x27 ; tracks are large, and the Southwestern States...