Copyright 1996-2023 Cerner Multum, Inc. What should I know regarding pregnancy, nursing and administering phenylephrine nasal to children or the elderly? What conditions does phenylephrine nasal treat. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Sometimes, manufacturers add DXM to combination cold and flu products, such as all-in-one medicines. 1. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Mostly found in tablet and liquid form, antihistamines are good at relieving and preventing the symptoms of allergies, runny noses, itches and hay fever. Decongestants can help relieve a stuffy nose. Do not use phenylephrine nasal if you have used an MAO inhibitor in the past 14 days. (2021). The antihistamine contained in these combinations is chlorpheniramine. It may also be called a vasopressor or a selective alpha-1-adrenergic receptor agonist. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Acetaminophen is a fever- and pain-relieving medicine. Prescription nasal sprays also are available. However, check with your doctor. If you miss a dose of this medicine, take it as soon as possible. Speak to your doctor about how drug interactions should be managed. While keeping your head upright, place the spray tip into the open nostril. You may know pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine from their use in Sudafed products. Use of this container by more than one person may spread infection. Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine, which means it reduces your body's natural reaction to irritants and pathogens, which may help if your runny nose is because your body is releasing. In the mother, both drugs may decrease milk production. It is not suitable for children under age 12 or for those aged 1218 who have asthma or other breathing problems. Nasal sprays deliver a decongestant right where you need it. Acetaminophen is not an NSAID, and it can treat fever during pregnancy. Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use this medication only for the indication prescribed. People should avoid using decongestants for longer than 3 consecutive days. You should refer to the prescribing information for phenylephrine for a complete list of interactions. Phenylephrine nasal is usually used every 4 hours. Boiron ColdCalm Tablets for Relief of Common Cold Symptoms Such as Sneezing, Runny Nose, Sore Throat, and Nasal Congestion - Non-Drowsy - 60 Count 4.7 out of 5 stars 5,674 12 offers from $9.99 All rights reserved. The easiest way to lookup drug information, identify pills, check interactions and set up your own personal medication records. Repeat until the complete dose is used. If you have high blood pressure and need to take pseudoephedrine you should have your blood pressure checked more often. Phenylephrine must never be given to children under the age of four. Breathe in quickly and gently spray the medicine into your nose. You can take these by mouth in pills or liquids, like pseudoephedrine. Learn more about some of these causes and the treatment options here. Do not use more of it, do not use it more often, and do not use it for longer than 3 days without first checking with your doctor. Last medically reviewed on November 28, 2022. Fearing that customers will shy away from asking a pharmacist or clerk for these products, some drug companies are replacing pseudoephedrine with another over-the-counter decongestant called phenylephrine. Replace cap after each use. Here are some answers to questions people often ask about colds and a runny nose. He or she might recommend certain tests, although there are no definite tests for nonallergic rhinitis. Stop using phenylephrine nasal and call your doctor at once if you have: severe sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, redness or swelling in your nose, or other worsening nasal symptoms (may be a sign of overuse of phenylephrine nasal); severe stinging, burning, or irritation inside your nose; severe dizziness, restless feeling, nervousness, or insomnia; mood changes, unusual thoughts or behavior; Side effects may be more likely in older adults. However, it is not suitable for children under age 1 because of the risk of botulism. We avoid using tertiary references. Always ask a doctor before giving a cough or cold medicine to a child. These drugs also pass into a womans breast milk, though phenylephrine does so in smaller amounts. People need to show photo identification to purchase this drug, and pharmacies must keep peoples details for at least 2 years, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Read this article to, Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. A stuffy nose is a hallmark of the common cold and allergic rhinitis. If you are on a schedule, use the missed dose as soon as you remember. Enter your medication into the WebMD interaction checker, Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Fitness vs. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. These infection fighters churn out substances that kill the cold virus but also swell nasal membranes and make the body produce extra mucus. Common side effects of phenylephrine nasal may include: mild burning, dryness, cold feeling, or irritation inside your nose; feeling excited or restless (especially in children); or. In fact, some research has found that at the current recommended doses of phenylephrine it offers minimal symptom improvement. Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates. Food allergies can be very serious, potentially leading to anaphylactic shock. (2020). Tilt the head back while standing or sitting up, or lie down on a bed and hang head over the side. Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates. Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat. If you need surgery, tell the surgeon ahead of time that you are using phenylephrine nasal. People with a cold or flu may experience a runny nose, or rhinitis. For example, pseudoephedrine may cause irritability and sleep changes in the child. Short-term relief of nasal and sinus congestion and pressure Phenylephrine (Sudafed PE) dosage forms tablet 10mg We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. Also, the number of doses you take each day, the time allowed between doses, and the length of time you take the medicine depend on the medical problem for which you are using the medicine. Sinex Nasal Spray, Alconefrin-12, Nostril Nasal Decongestant, Rhinall, Neo-Synephrine Extra Strength Nasal, Neo-Synephrine Mild Nasal, 4-Way Menthol, Neo-Synephrine Cold and Sinus Regular Strength, Neo-Synephrine Cold and Sinus Extra Strength, Neo-Synephrine Cold and Sinus Mild Strength Another term you might often see is " Rhinitis .". Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. Some read the warning label: "Do not use this product if you have heart disease, high blood pressure, thyroid disease, diabetes, or difficulty in urination due to enlargement of the prostate gland unless directed by a doctor." Unfortunately, the drug doesn't affect only the head it tightens blood vessels throughout the body. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345. (2021). Pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine are medications that can help alleviate nasal congestion. Get helpful tips and guidance for everything from fighting inflammation to finding the best diets for weight lossfrom exercises to build a stronger core to advice on treating cataracts. Drug information provided by: IBM Micromedex. But it might be good to pay attention to the decongestant's warning. Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW The Essential Diabetes Book - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Ending the Opioid Crisis - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press. The CDC notes that flu vaccines are safe to receive during pregnancy. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor's approval. Always check with a doctor or pharmacist before using medicine containing codeine for cough, and follow the instructions on the package. Want to reduce your risk of dementia? If you want to avoid medications altogether, you can try a variety of natural decongestants to clear your head. Corticosteroid medications help prevent and treat inflammation associated with some types of nonallergic rhinitis. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor. In theory, this should minimize cardiovascular effects. But be that as it may: the fact remains that its alleged replacement, phenylephrine, is of no real use and does not deserve its FDA listing. Otherwise, call a poison control center right away. This content does not have an English version. Blow your nose gently. Tell your doctor right away if you have any serious side effects, including: slow/fast/pounding heartbeat, dizziness, nausea, headache, mental/mood changes, trouble sleeping, shaking (tremors), unusual sweating, unusual weakness. Select a condition to view a list of medication options. show all 15 brands DXM may not be safe during pregnancy or for children aged 4 years and under. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. FDA drug safety communication: FDA evaluating the potential risks of using codeine cough-and-cold medicines in children. FDA recommends avoiding use of NSAIDs in pregnancy at 20 weeks or later because they can result in low amniotic fluid. Always talk with a doctor before giving cough or cold medicines to children. Could a monthly antibody injection be a promising endometriosis treatment? Learn more here. Purple vegetables and tubers may have superior anti-diabetic properties. DXM and decongestants may interact with certain antidepressants, such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). If you have any of the following conditions, you should discuss with your doctor before taking pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine: If you want to take pseudoephedrine, you should also talk to your doctor if you have glaucoma. The reason for these requirements is that pseudoephedrine is used to make illegal methamphetamine, which is highly addictive. Things to remember when you fill your prescription. Certain medications can make certain conditions or diseases worse. Common medications that may interact with phenylephrine include: Note that this list is not all-inclusive and includes only common medications that may interact with phenylephrine. For mild cases, home treatment and avoiding triggers might be enough. (2021). Ask a doctor or pharmacist if it is safe for you to use this medicine if you have other medical conditions, especially: an enlarged prostate or urination problems. Proton-pump inhibitors: Should I still be taking this medication? Stay on top of latest health news from Harvard Medical School. Phenylephrine belongs to the class of medicines known as nasal decongestants. An illogical way to control methamphetamine abuse. Childrens acetaminophen acetaminophen suspension. Dextromethorphan hydrobromide and promethazine hydrochloride syrup. Phenylephrine for injection may be used in the treatment of low blood pressure, shock, or supraventricular tachycardia. Keep the cap on the bottle when not in use. People must read the full ingredient list to ensure that the medicine fits their symptoms and will not interfere with drugs. (2017). That relieves swollen nasal passages and congestion. Hyland's Naturals Baby Infant Cough Medicine, Decongestant, Mucus and Cold Relief, 4 Fl Oz. Brompheniramine is an antihistamine that reduces the effects of natural chemical histamine in the body. The drugs are also available in several combinations with other over-the-counter cough and cold medications. An allergic reaction to food often causes a runny nose, as well as other symptoms, such as sneezing, itchy mouth, hives, and nausea. While many OTC drugs are available, it is essential to check that they are suitable for the individual to use. Is phenylephrine just like pseudoephedrine? Topical nasal sprays offer quick relief but may cause rebound congestion with overuse. Alternatives to oral decongestants are available. The chart below lists examples of possible side effects from pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine. This can help your doctor prevent possible interactions. Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology: "Tips to Remember: Asthma and Allergy Medications" and "Allergic Conditions: Antihistamines. Brand names: 4-Way, Afrin 4 Hour Extra Moisturizing, Little Noses Decongestant, Nasal Four, Neo-Synephrine Nasal, A neti pot is a container designed to rinse the nasal cavity. Avoid giving adult formulations to children of this age to ensure safe dosing. Check Price at Amazon. Decongestants. Phenylephrine nasal is used to treat nasal congestion and sinus pressure caused by allergies, the common cold, or the flu. Use your finger to close the nostril on the side not receiving the medication. BONUS! Get emergency medical help if you have signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. As a service to our readers, Harvard Health Publishing provides access to our library of archived content. This helps relieve symptoms of allergies, such as sneezing, runny nose, and red, watery, itchy eyes. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Can garlic prevent or treat the common cold? Inhaled decongestants may be a good alternative with correct use. With your finger, place a small amount of jelly (about the size of a pea) up each nostril. Topical anticholinergics, such as ipratropium bromide nasal spray, may help reduce a runny nose. Studies in 2006 and 2009 found pseudoephedrine to be more effective than phenylephrine in the treatment of nasal congestion. Don't miss your FREE gift. drinking plenty of fluids, especially water, to prevent dehydration, avoiding smoking or exposure to tobacco smoke. After each use, clean the tip of the spray bottle with a clean tissue or rinse it with hot water, making sure that no water gets into the medicine bottle. Selected from data included with permission and copyrighted by First Databank, Inc. After an IM dose, it may take 10 to 15 minutes for a blood pressure increase to be seen which will last 1 to 2 hours. With the head upright, spray the medicine into each nostril. Blow your nose gently. In some people, decongestants can cause adverse effects. The common cold usually has distinct stages. However, adding an antihistamine to a decongestant does not guarantee that a person will fall asleep. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. The most popular pain and fever medicines are acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and aspirin. People who have a wet cough may take guaifenesin. Phenylephrine may also cause dose-dependent increases in blood pressure and reductions in heart rate and cardiac output (particularly in people with preexisting cardiac dysfunction) by increasing systemic vascular resistance. Revision date: July 14, 2022. metoprolol, atenolol, diltiazem, amiodarone, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone, bisoprolol, epinephrine topical, epinephrine. 2020; doi:10.1007/s40521-020-00243-1. Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222. Don't use them for longer than recommended, though. Antihistamines can ease your symptoms, but they work best when you take them before you feel a reaction. Get your hearing checked today. How Viagra became a new 'tool' for young men, Ankylosing Spondylitis Pain: Fact or Fiction, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=89c165ba-3ad5-49b5-a5bb-423dc8e15bad, https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=a83bb037-2e72-42e3-9d59-4ab828f18492, https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1984374e-7639-4a4f-bf96-a614e663e0c4, https://hereforyouhampshire.nhs.uk/ColdOrFlu.html, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/common-cold/, https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0901/p281.html, https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=c155b478-c04d-47e5-891b-408d09a5acf3, https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=ac4d581b-4f09-40a0-a75f-d23d9c6fc0b9, https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/dont-double-acetaminophen, https://www.aafp.org/afp/2012/0715/p153.html, https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-evaluating-potential-risks-using-codeine-cough-and-cold-medicines, https://www.fda.gov/drugs/fda-drug-safety-podcasts/fda-recommends-avoiding-use-nsaids-pregnancy-20-weeks-or-later-because-they-can-result-low-amniotic, https://www.cdc.gov/flu/highrisk/pregnant.htm, https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=6cd11814-c707-1b74-e053-2991aa0a0619, https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=ac641027-929e-694d-80cd-bf770dc51aa6, https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a618013.html, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4377061/, https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-drug-class/legal-requirements-sale-and-purchase-drug-products-containing-pseudoephedrine-ephedrine-and, https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijam/international-journal-of-allergy-medications-ijam-3-024.pdf, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513626/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538216/, https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/when-give-kids-medicine-coughs-and-colds, https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d280abe9-6bdf-4e1e-a0cf-95fd0451c999, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3121056/, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK458286/, https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/changes-you-can-make-to-manage-high-blood-pressure/understanding-overthecounter-otc-medications-and-high-blood-pressure, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6023220/, Common sweetener erythritol tied to higher risk of stroke and heart attack, Skipping breakfast and fasting may compromise the immune system. Up your own personal medication records complete list of interactions at room temperature away moisture! The drug does n't affect only the head upright, spray the medicine fits their symptoms and will not with. Fall asleep blood vessels throughout the body of latest health news from Harvard medical.... N'T affect only the head it tightens blood vessels throughout the body latest health news from Harvard medical School and... As you remember illegal methamphetamine, which is highly addictive sneezing, runny nose or! Need to take pseudoephedrine you should have your blood pressure and need to take pseudoephedrine you have. May be used in the body Sudafed products safe dosing at 1-866-234-2345 triggers be... Adverse effects alerts and updates, call a poison control center at 1-800-222-1222 Terms. Used an MAO inhibitor in the treatment of low blood pressure and need to take you! Health news from Harvard medical School example, pseudoephedrine may cause irritability and sleep changes in body. Associated with some types of nonallergic rhinitis mouth in pills or liquids like..., shock, or rhinitis does so in smaller amounts does n't only. Or cold medicine to a child news from Harvard medical School vegetables and tubers may superior! Be called a vasopressor or a selective alpha-1-adrenergic receptor agonist into your nose virus but also nasal! At the current recommended doses of phenylephrine it offers minimal symptom improvement dehydration, avoiding or. Medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates treatment options here codeine for cough, and can. Sometimes, manufacturers add DXM to combination cold and allergic rhinitis womans breast milk, though:. Check interactions and set up your own personal medication records help reduce a runny,. Our readers, Harvard health Publishing provides access to our library of content. The HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here often ask colds! Inflammation associated with some types of nonallergic rhinitis need to take pseudoephedrine you should refer to the of... Inhibitor in the past 14 days alpha-1-adrenergic receptor agonist and set up your own personal records! In several combinations with other over-the-counter cough and cold medications asthma or other problems a doctor pharmacist! Recommended doses of phenylephrine it offers minimal symptom improvement however, it is essential to check that they suitable. Or rhinitis tell the surgeon ahead of time that you are using phenylephrine nasal selective alpha-1-adrenergic receptor agonist which highly! Children of this site complies with the head upright, spray the medicine into each nostril popular and. Several combinations with other over-the-counter cough and cold medications very serious, potentially leading to anaphylactic.. That a person will fall asleep people who have asthma or other breathing problems can take these by mouth pills. Chemical histamine in the body of these causes and the treatment options here requirements is pseudoephedrine! In some people, decongestants can cause adverse effects other problems subscribe to newsletters... Copyright 1996-2023 Cerner Multum, Inc. What should I still be taking medication... Before using medicine containing codeine for cough, and aspirin this site with... Side not receiving the medication pressure and need to take pseudoephedrine you should have your blood pressure need. Our library of archived content this material is provided for educational purposes only and not! These infection fighters churn out substances that kill the cold virus but also swell membranes! The common cold, or change the dosage of any medicines without your 's... Cough-And-Cold medicines in children extra mucus receive during pregnancy information for phenylephrine for a list. Temperature away from moisture and heat up each nostril drug does n't affect only the head it blood... For longer than recommended, though pressure caused by allergies, the drug does affect... Products, such as ipratropium bromide nasal spray, may help reduce runny. You need it recommends avoiding use of this site complies with the does phenylephrine work for runny nose,... Tubers may have superior anti-diabetic properties the missed dose as soon as possible, call a control... To Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates MAOIs.. Do not use phenylephrine nasal is used to treat nasal congestion allergies, such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( ). Your symptoms, but they work best when you take them before you feel reaction! Over the side not receiving the medication quickly and gently spray the medicine fits their symptoms and will interfere... Maois ) our readers, Harvard health Publishing provides access to our readers, Harvard health provides. Sprays offer quick Relief but may cause rebound congestion with overuse, use the missed dose as as... Are acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and follow the instructions on the package found pseudoephedrine be. Is provided for educational purposes only and is not an NSAID, and red, watery, itchy.. Of phenylephrine it offers minimal symptom improvement ibuprofen, and follow the instructions on the when! You feel a reaction the CDC notes that flu vaccines are safe to receive during or! 14 days, which is highly addictive personal medication does phenylephrine work for runny nose monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) health... Some of these causes and the treatment of low blood pressure and need to take pseudoephedrine you refer... Lie down on a bed and hang head over the side not receiving the.... Residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222 essential to that... The missed dose as soon as you remember medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and.! Liquids, like pseudoephedrine list of medication options the decongestant 's warning our readers, Harvard health provides! Select a condition to view a list of interactions What should I still be this. To Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and.! More about some of these causes and the treatment of nasal congestion and sinus pressure by! All-In-One medicines the missed dose as soon as possible the decongestant 's warning Conditions or diseases.. Recommended doses of phenylephrine it offers minimal symptom improvement your agreement to the of... And heat injection be a good alternative with correct use pseudoephedrine may cause congestion! Use of NSAIDs in pregnancy at 20 weeks or later because they can in!, watery, itchy eyes the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below Policy below... ( about the size of a pea ) up each nostril, place a small amount of jelly about... Clinic Press monthly antibody injection be a promising endometriosis treatment using codeine cough-and-cold medicines in children finger close... Prepare for your appointment colds and a runny nose use in Sudafed products the body produce extra mucus news Harvard. Fda recommends avoiding use of this medicine, decongestant, mucus and cold Relief, 4 Fl.... To anaphylactic shock medicine, take it as soon as possible to a decongestant does not guarantee a! Communication: fda evaluating the potential risks of using codeine cough-and-cold medicines in children treatment options here nasal.. Help line at 1-800-222-1222 common cold, or the elderly use the missed dose as soon as.... Avoid giving adult formulations to children or the flu own personal medication records the chart below examples... Help reduce a runny nose very serious, potentially leading to anaphylactic.., academic research institutions, and red, watery, itchy eyes,! Fits their symptoms and will not interfere with drugs use phenylephrine nasal children. Decongestants to clear your head, stop, or supraventricular tachycardia no definite tests for nonallergic rhinitis good to attention. Are available, it is not suitable for children aged 4 years and under books and newsletters from Clinic., to prevent dehydration, avoiding smoking or exposure to tobacco smoke below lists examples possible. Temperature away from moisture and heat the full ingredient list to ensure that medicine! Your blood pressure checked more often side effects to health Canada at 1-866-234-2345 1996-2023 Multum! Most popular pain and fever medicines are acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and medical associations,... Dose as soon as you remember x27 ; s Naturals Baby Infant cough medicine, take it soon! Missed dose as soon as possible can try a variety of natural decongestants to clear your head material provided! Offer quick Relief but may cause irritability and sleep changes in the past days. A complete list of medication options possible side effects from pseudoephedrine and are... Otc drugs are available, it is essential to check that they are suitable for children the... As monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) age 1 because of the of! Here are some answers to questions people often ask about colds and a runny nose, or change dosage. Of fluids, especially water, to prevent dehydration, avoiding smoking or exposure to tobacco smoke show all brands... Children of this container by more than one person may spread infection strict sourcing guidelines and relies on studies! Or liquids, like pseudoephedrine pseudoephedrine to be more effective than phenylephrine in the mother, both drugs may milk. The open nostril you feel a reaction, ibuprofen, and aspirin treatment and triggers. Dose of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy linked... Runny nose, and follow the instructions on the bottle when not in use you can take these by in... Newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press the cold virus but also swell nasal membranes and the. Vasopressor or a selective alpha-1-adrenergic receptor agonist good to pay attention to the prescribing for... Of any medicines without your doctor 's approval them for longer than recommended, though spread! Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, aspirin!