She lives 25 miles from Gallatin, in a pretty brick, ranch-style house with white shutters. I have sold out all my negroes to one man for eight thousand dollars! he told his wife. Then the coffle, like a giant serpent, uncoiled onto Duke Street and marched west, out of town and into a momentous event, a blanked-out saga, an unremembered epic. She points to a document from the steamerHibernia, which arrived from Louisville in 1831. First Name: Last Name [Advanced Search] Home Search Login Find. The turnpike ran farther west40 miles to Winchester, and then to the brow of the Blue Ridge Mountains. My mothers name was Matilda; she lived near Wilton, Va., and belonged to a Mr. Percifield. As for Sarah and Indian, they had been taken from Sarahs husband and her mother. At the Forks, there were no auctions, only haggling. His face acquires a look that suggests the memory of slavery is like a vampire visiting from a shallow grave. He had a long dark coat and wore a mustache-less beard. You see the names. Which means that Isaac Franklin was my great-great-great-great-uncle., It is an important gloss, as it turns out: You see, Thomson said, my forebear James Franklin was the family member who introduced Isaac Franklin to the slave business., Taking a seat in an armchair upholstered in wine-colored brocade, he picks up the story. He takes a seat at his melodeon, a portable organ that dates from the 1850s, and plays a few bars of period-appropriate music. The letter was the first sign that I might be able to trace the route of one of the Franklin & Armfield caravans. Today at the Forks there is a muffler shop and, next to it, a gutter-and-awn-ing business. . No, I dont believe in revisionist history.. Nearly 450,000 people were uprooted and sent south from the state between 1810 and 1860. How does a person inside the family measure the inheritance of slave trading? A woman at a tourist store clarified. That comes to $140,000, or about $3.5 million today. There was one place en route, however, with a small slave marketAberdeen, Mississippi. She was fancier than he. Days and nights down the Valley Turnpike, the spine of the Blue Ridge, destination Tennessee, where Armfield would hand over his coffle and board a stagecoach back to Alexandria. During the last ten years, a number of themEdward Baptist, Steven Deyle, Robert Gudmestad, Walter Johnson, Joshua Rothman, Calvin Schermerhorn, Michael Tadman and othershave been writing the million-person-migration back into view. On September 6, the gang was marching 50 miles southwest of Roanoke. He suspects the abuse, which had no financial purpose, stemmed from a desire for raw power: They did it because they could, and they felt like it.. Researching people who were slaves is like a mystery tale. Also, an elderly black woman named Charity, whom he and Sarah had kept at home, knowing that no one would offer money for her. Double Oaks is a significant historic property, honored by placement on the National Register in 1985. As U.S. 11 steps into Tennessee, the road finds the Holston River and runs parallel to it. It was like that. He wore my old Virginia cloth coat and pantaloons on his march, as he told his wife, Sarah Garlandthe daughter of a congressman and a granddaughter of Patrick Henry, the orator and patriot. In 1834, the two men became family when Armfield married Franklins niece. The company's agents sent people down to Franklin & Armfield's slavepens (another word that has disappeared) in Alexandria, just nine miles south of the U.S. Capitol: seamstresses, nurses,. She was captured and enslaved 400 years ago. If you carry hatred or strong dislike for people, all you are doing is hurting yourself.. The gang headed down the Great Wagon Road, a route that came from Pennsylvania, already some centuries oldmade by the Indians, in the euphemism. If you squinted, you could see pinholes in it. The house bursts with 19th-century chairs, rugs, settees, tables and pictures. During the 50 years of the Slave Trail, perhaps half a million people born in the United States were sold in New Orleans, more than all the Africans brought to the country during two centuries of the Middle Passage across the Atlantic. Waller was pinching pennies. On the ground, a carpet of mud, and leaves beneath it, and dirt under the leaves. He writes me word that a neighbor of his will take six if we can agree upon price.. About August 25, they reached Winchester and turned south, entering the Shenandoah Valley. Kenneth Thomson brings out some daguerreotypes of the Franklins and others in his family tree. Around the 20th of that month the caravan began to assemble in front of the companys offices in Alexandria, at 1315 Duke Street. I ask him to play a debating game. Franklin and Armfield quit the business around 1837. What do you think about Isaac Franklin? This is the oldest settled portion of the state and bears the appearance of great comfort, refinement and elegance, Waller wrote. Thomson emphasizes these last sentences. It is peculiar that a man can pity himself for being unable to sell a roomful of teenagers he has known since their birth, but as Florence Blair says, thats what it was. Armfield has at least one direct black descendant, Rodney Williams, who wrote about his heritage which he said he discovered through DNA testing in an essay included in Slaverys Descendants, published in May. In Roanoke, at a tourist information outlet called Virginias Blue Ridge. Now those, gesturing at some more yellowed papers, are the worst for me, she says. The three sisters had been taken from their parents, as had Pleasant, Mitchell and Samson. With that signal from Natchez, Armfield began vacuuming up people from the Virginia countryside. The man may be gone, but generations later, some of his people are still around. Franklin died in 1846 of intestinal issues. Armfield may have been less extroverted, but he, too, drew accolades for his social graces. Across the street, five historical markers stand on a naked lawn. A sofa and chair that belonged to Isaac Franklins parents. You say it was 150 years ago? Franklin and Armfield met a few years after that in the course of business and immediately developed a rapport, Rothman said an intimacy that continued for decades and fueled their profitability. The black churches picked it up. Franklin, who was approaching his 50s, was tired and didnt want to do it anymore, Rothman said. His book was not much readit had a due-date notice from 50 years agobut in it Andrews described the scene as Armfield directed the loading for an enormous journey. It sat under a piece of glass and measured about 2 by 4 feet. Privacy Statement Short white hair, short white beard, khakis, cotton short-sleeve with flap pockets and epaulets. There is no branch of trade, in this part of the country, more brisk and profitable than that of buying and selling negroes, a traveler named Estwick Evans wrote about Natchez in the early 19th century. John Armfield: Muttenz Descendants, Inc. Muttenz Descendants, Inc. Muttenz Descendants, Inc.is a not-for-profit tax-exempt corporation portraying and honoring the frontier heritage of Muttenz descendants and their neighbors. You know, I have been around blacks all my life. One night in September 1834, a traveler stumbled into the Armfield coffles camp. Waller decided to try to sell one or two people there. Even while actively trading slaves, the two men enjoyed an excellent reputation and moved in top-tier social circles, according to Rothman. He regularly acts as a mediator with respect to family provision claims. He was not ignorant. His book, Slaves in the Family (1998) won the National Book Award and was a New York Times bestseller. Many things in the Old Testament are pretty barbaric, but they are part of our evolution.. They say there were no feelings here.. Several factors set the pair apart, Rothman explained: For one thing, their timing was impeccable. About John Armfield Came to America in 1718 with his wife and a colony of Quaker emigrants to Philadephia. Now Angela symbolizes a brutal history. More than one preservationist had told me that the current owners of Fairvue are hostile to anyone who shows curiosity about the slave dealer who built their lovely home. She is a politician now, elected to the city council in the late 1990s and to the Virginia House of Delegates in 2009. In Staunton, the Visitor Center. He expected another month on the road. Armfield. After the Civil War, it held on as a cotton plantation, and then became a horse farm. Through it all, both regularly raped the women they bought and sold and joked about it in letters, a shared habit that deepened their friendship. The Club at Fairvue Plantation opened in 2004, and hundreds of houses sprang up on half-acre plots. It is an abbreviation, to accommodate people.. Dabney told him that I must not take less than my pricethey were worth it., He later wrote home, I have sold! Theyre the ones who turned the business of selling humans from one part of the U.S. to another into a very modern, organized business no longer just one trader who might move a few people from one plantation to another, said Maurie D. McInnis, a professor at the University of Texas at Austin who studies the cultural history of slavery. Later the same wagons hauled those who had collapsed and could not be roused with a whip. At the time, John Armfield was lacking in purpose: Shiftless and footloose, he had recently been chased away from a county in North Carolina for fathering a child out of wedlock, Rothman said. By 1835 this place was abuzz with long-distance traders. Now, whether the papers were trivial or actual plantation records, who knows? Between the 1820s and 1830s, the two men reigned as the undisputed tycoons of the domestic slave trade, as Smithsonian Magazine put it. I want to resurrect the history of the enslavement trade, and for 20 years, that is where Ive focused.. Of course, that is only some.. It would turn out to be four. Armfield, meanwhile, purchased an old hotel in the Tennessee mountains and converted it to a luxury summer getaway for the wealthy. The sound of Wallers letters homehe wrote some 20 of them on the Slave Trailis upbeat, a businessman sending word that theres nothing to worry about. Year after year the notices spreadhundreds, and then thousands. I am married to a man with four children. I think slavery developed here primarily because of the ignorance of the blacks. We had a cook, a black man. I pull in at various towns and ask around. A clergyman who saw a march toward Shenandoah remembered that the gang members, having left their wives, children, or other near connections and never likely to meet them again in this world, sang to drown the suffering of mind they were brought into. Witnesses said Old Virginia Never Tire was one song all the coffles sang. Reading lights look like converted oil lamps. No wonder that there should be robberies and assassinations in such a population.. Every Sunday, preachers around the South looked out at congregations and read announcements from Lost Friends and columns like it. Local. Near a school playground in the middle of Raymond, I find the Dabney family graveyard, surrounded by an iron fence. Hundreds of thousands crossed this waymigrants, enslaved people, whites, Indians. He turns. The paper lists peoples names, their color and place of origin. They ran to family, friends, or across state lines to freedom. Call me Ser Boxley, he says. Buyers by the hundreds crammed the viewing rooms of dealers in Natchez and the auction halls of brokers in New Orleans. The previous year, Franklin & Armfield had moved their jail and slave market in Natchez to a site on the edge of town called Forks of the Road. The Slave Trail of Tears is the great missing migrationa thousand-mile-long river of people, all of them black, reaching from Virginia to Louisiana. This sorting arrangement meant that it was more likely children would be sold from their parents. As the gang fell in, Armfield and his men made jokes, standing near, laughing and smoking cigars.. On the block was one of the most beautiful young women I ever saw. At this point in the journey, other spurs, from Louisville and Lexington to the north, joined the main path of the Slave Trail. The two men launched the slave trading firm Franklin & Armfield and moved into the Alexandria townhouse today a museum in 1828. It is rare to have a glimpse of slaves enchained in a coffle, because the documentary evidence is thin, but Wallers march is an exception. The first thing that meets the eye in Thomsons house is a large portrait of Isaac Franklin. He worked for a partnership of slave dealers called Franklin & Armfield, run by his uncle. During the move to the Deep South, many slaves found themselves on steamboats winding down the Mississippi to New Orleans. It was typical on the Slave Trail: People like Waller marched a coffle and sold one or two people along the way to pay the travel bills. In Winchester, the Winchester-. The remainder of the gang pushed on to Natchez. It was at the beginning of the 1800s. Sometimes they were forced to. It would have been the easiest thing to do. They give the impression of perfect manners. Featherstonhaugh, a geologist on a surveying tour for the federal government, described the slave trader as a raw man in nice clothes. Palladian manse, Empire franais, Tudor grand, and a form that might be called Tuscan bland. His humanity was not always visible, but it was there. We have been stopped for two days by the breaking up of turnpikes and bridges. In a statement, the President extended his condolences to Salilig's bereaved family. We in New Orleans have come a long way since Hurricane Katrina in terms of the comfort level of addressing certain subjects. His slave pen appears on old maps, labeled negro mart.. After Emancipation, now a freedman of about 20, Glenn remembered the name of his hometownRoxboro. Historic Structures Report The Historic Structures Report (HSR) for 1315 Duke Street, the Freedom House Museum, was formally presented by SmithGroup on October 28, 2021. They dont do family history, because they think, Oh, it was too cruel, and so brutal, and why should I look at it up close? I am not one of those people.. Some carried small children. Early the next morning, the gang readied again for the march. I have not seen him for ten years. From the beginning, they divvied the work according to each mans strength: Armfield, based in Virginia, managed the buying side of things and arranged transportation, Rothman said. PARENT . Other white men, similarly armed, were arrayed behind him. They were discovered, and it caused a panic. Neither Franklin nor Armfield earned recrimination from their peers during their lifetimes and neither man felt the slightest remorse, according to their papers. The people who accompanied him included a boy of 8 or 9 called Pleasant; Mitchell, who was 10 or 11; a teenage boy named Samson; three teenage sisters, Sarah Ann, Louisa and Lucy; Henry, about 17; a man named Nelson and his wife; a man in his 20s called Foster; and a young mother named Sarah, with her daughter Indian, about age 2. And this is one of its most horrific chapters.. Since 2007, a proposal to incorporate the site into the National Park Service has been creeping toward approval. This letter from 1834 held riches, and I will bring them out by land was, for me, the invaluable line: It referred to a forced march overland from the fields of Virginia to the slave auctions in Natchez and New Orleans. My oh my, the Scots-Irishthey were like made of brass. Why does no one know their names? So one of his men picked a shallow place and tested it by sending over a wagon and four horses. There was a pair of carriages for the whites. The site is empty but for the five markers, paid for by the City of Natchez. John's three married daughters had remained in Pennsylvania. These carried food, plus children too small to walk ten hours a day. But by the time Waller arrived, Franklin was gone. And Ill tell you what nobody ever talks about. of [father unknown] and [mother unknown] They are a manifest, or list, of one group of 110 people moved by Isaac Franklin in 1829. Caravans like Armfields covered about 20 miles a day. In place of towns were stands every 10 or 15 miles. Thats on the Internet. Nancy Ann Armfield was born 1732 in Bucks County, Pennsylvania to John Armfield and his wife. Some had cholera, and these enslaved people died. This was dangerous. Franklin worked with a few partners over the years but connected with his longest-lasting collaborator the man who became his closest friend, confidant and nephew by marriage in the early 1820s. In the 1830s, Armfield fulfilled his vow as the partner of . Thats good. Many of their descendants own the cottages today. It is possible, of course, that Isaac Franklin sold his daughter. Swinging back into Mississippi, Old Factors Stand, LeFleurs Stand, Crowders Stand, others. Four or five tents were spread, and the large wagons, which were to accompany the expedition, were stationed where they could be piled high with provisions and other necessaries. New clothes were loaded in bundles. Oh, no. They probably would have had to kill me, with my temperament. She laughs again. In the library at Yale I did a bit more unearthing and found a travelogue by a man named Ethan Andrews, who happened to pass through Alexandria a year later and witness the organizing of an Armfield coffle. But Sarah seems happy.. Armfield has at least one direct black descendant, Rodney Williams, who wrote about his heritage which he said he discovered through DNA testing in an essay included in " Slavery's. 1730) John. (Video: Ashleigh Joplin/The Washington Post). Looking for any information about the ancestors and descendents of John Armfield.I am descended through his daughter, Nancy Ann Armfield. Men and boys sold, on average, for about $700. At the same time, that doesnt mean that he didnt have bad habits, Thomson clarifies. Edward Ball is the author of five books of nonfiction and a lecturer in English at Yale University. Here, too, in the St. Louis Hotels beautiful vaulted room, families at the end of the Slave Trail were divided. The negroes are happy, he says repeatedly. I think thats interesting. The slave trade was all Isaac Franklin ever knew. In May 1765 the caravan reached the various destinations of these Pennsylvania travelers. 1695 ENG d. 1792 NC 10/12/98 Thereand this is conjecture, based on what happened to other gangshalf of the big gang might have been sold. Theophilus Freeman, who sold Solomon Northup, ofTwelve Years a Slave, operated over there. It is a fine country for the slave to live in and for the master to make money in. And by the way, The negroes are not only well, but appear happy and pleased with the country and prospect before them., At the village of Benton a week before Christmas 1847, Waller huddled with his gang in a ferocious storm. Scholars of slavery are quite familiar with the firm of Franklin & Armfield, which Isaac Franklin and John Armfield established in Alexandria, Virginia, in 1828. He did it, but it is what it is. They were in debt. Advertising Notice Thomas Dabney was an acquaintance from Virginia who had moved to Raymond, on the Natchez Trace, 12 years earlier and doubled his already thick riches as a cotton planter. Part of the reason theyre successful is they work well together: Each understands the others strengths, they trust and respect each other., We cannot be forgetting: Twilight marchers in Alexandria evoke the pain of enslaved thousands. The Quakers have largely gone, and there are still many fewer black people than back in Virginia, 100 miles east. Sarah Ann $675, Louisa $650. 1695 ENG d. 1792 NC 10/07/99 Re: John Armfield b. Many of the cottages were later acquired by successful merchants and professionals from Nashville and other places in Middle Tennessee. My name was Mary, and I was nine years old when sold to a trader named Walker, who carried us to North Carolina. One of the most persistent misconceptions about slavery in the United States is that the white upper class refused to associate with slave traders on principle, Rothman said a myth the case of Franklin and Armfield disproves. No, thats not true, says Erin Greenwald, a curator at the Historic New Orleans Collection. The marchers and the roadwork gangs, slaves all, traded long looks. The words Virginia Negroes signaled a kind of brand, Greenwald says. A lot of black people, she said, do not want to know about their ancestry. I never heard of any mistreatment. I squish through the mud, sweating, pulling off spiders, slapping mosquitoes and horseflies. And as night closes, the crickets start their scraping in the trees. The fancy trade meant women sold as forcible sex partners. It is a refrain among Southern whites who remain emotionally attached to the plantation daysthat one in 1,000 slaveholders who were black vindicates in some fashion 999 who were not. He has been listed in Doyle's Guide as a pre-eminent junior counsel in Wills and Estates Litigation in 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 2015. Waller and his gang reached the Valley Turnpike in October. He shakes his head. Overland coffles would have used the road that molders off in the trees. Though unsure what he wanted to do, Armfield was clear on what he didnt: He loathed farming. Members of the Armfield family among the travelers were J ohn, his wife, and their five sons-William, John, Jr., Robert, Isaac an d Thomas and all their families. This movement lasted longer and grabbed up more people than any other migration in North America before 1900. I made a vow that I was going to North Carolina and see my mother if she was still living. In 1833, he wrote the office back in Virginia about fancy girls he had on hand, and about one in particular whom he wanted. I could not shake off my chains, nor move a yard without the consent of my master., (My own ancestors held slaves in South Carolina for six generations. Human bondage began I dont know when, but early, thousands of years ago. John Matthew Salilig (Matt Salilig / Facebook) Marcos said this following the arrest of at least 17 suspects behind the death of the 24-year-old student whose body was found in Imus, Cavite on Feb. 28, after one of the suspects disclosed the location. Life looking up since the divorce. A thicket of McMansions follows, in every ersatz style. The whole amount of sales for the twentythe entire group that had come with him from Virginiais $12,675. (About $400,000 now.) At the center of the hotel was a rotunda 100 feet in diameterover which rises a dome as lofty as a church spire, a reporter for theMilwaukee Daily Sentinelwrote. Construction began in 1906 as a home for Harden Thomas Martin, a Reidsville merchant who had it built for his . Exceedingly heavy and continued rains have stopped our progress, he told his wife. Through their company, commonly known as Franklin and. At the central square are the contradictions of a Deep South village, both of Wallers time and the present. I put the car on the shoulder and walk into the woods to find the real Natchez Trace. The inspection of the back made or broke the deal. We cannot be responsible, should not feel like were responsible. BY KATE PARRISH O n May 11, 1857, James Hervey Otey, the Episcopal bishop of Tennessee, wrote to John Armfield asking for help. Isaac Franklin and John Armfield (1828-1837) were the first to use the property as a slave pen. No buildings on that half-acre. Ten years ago there was an old beer garden standing on this site, where whites watched football and drank, and there was a gravel lot where trucks were parked. The city bought the half-acre lot in 1999, thanks largely to his agitation. Destructive 'Super Pigs' From Canada Threaten the Northern U.S. These were stores and taverns with places to sleep in the back. The auction advertisements at the end of the Slave Trail always said, Virginia and Maryland Negroes.. They created a modern machinery to support the business of human trafficking.. It was bigger than the wagon-train migration to the West, beloved of American lore. Didnt have bad habits, Thomson clarifies words Virginia Negroes signaled a kind of,... Is empty but for the whites the Street, five historical markers Stand a! Been around blacks all my Negroes to one man for eight thousand dollars horse. One night in September 1834, the two men became family when Armfield married Franklins niece the Virginia countryside long. To support the business of human john armfield descendants most horrific chapters, thats not true, says Erin,! 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